tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-66823206216345139852024-03-19T11:13:48.729+02:00Dr. Leila Nicolas _ English blogBelieve in your ability to Change!
Dr. Leila Nicolas_English blogLeila Nicolashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13039807238438755745noreply@blogger.comBlogger62125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6682320621634513985.post-85948523952803214472023-09-22T11:09:00.001+03:002024-03-19T11:12:53.751+02:00 How Can the Future of the Middle East Affect European Security?<p> Paper: United Europe Journal, no. 19/2023</p><p>https://leuropeunie.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/A1.pdf</p>Leila Nicolashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13039807238438755745noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6682320621634513985.post-17213656068662570922021-10-22T23:01:00.004+03:002021-10-22T23:01:46.253+03:00Introductory speech at Depaul University conference on Environmental diplomacy<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv0dukQMXBavlOtqQoZkJz-H01On9bFn-78llmLejdQZzy4RLplRoaLDGDB1WC-mWr2LQ7n8urIJlXW6XbHDSkgmaRMt21n4vd9t6ySybwHowWtJ_Bj-MfefNGrvpJ5j1ki8SbA142AA0/s791/flyer2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="790" data-original-width="791" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv0dukQMXBavlOtqQoZkJz-H01On9bFn-78llmLejdQZzy4RLplRoaLDGDB1WC-mWr2LQ7n8urIJlXW6XbHDSkgmaRMt21n4vd9t6ySybwHowWtJ_Bj-MfefNGrvpJ5j1ki8SbA142AA0/s320/flyer2.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /> <p></p>Leila Nicolashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13039807238438755745noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6682320621634513985.post-89763867373348166472021-10-19T11:06:00.003+03:002021-10-22T22:52:50.284+03:00Mapping Environmental Diplomacy: An introduction<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><i>Dr. Leila
Nicolas' Speech at The Grace School of Applied Diplomacy at DePaul University
Conference entitled <b>Environmental Diplomacy: Exploring Transprofessional
Contributions to Global Survival</b>,
Oct 13-15, 2021.</i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p><p><b style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Introduction</span></b></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Good morning! It is afternoon here in Lebanon. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I will use our Lebanese greeting word, which can be
used at any time during the day and night; Marhaba. </span><span dir="RTL" face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="AR-LB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-LB; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Thank you for inviting me to this important conference. It is an
</span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">honor</span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> to be a speaker in this session and participate in
the following sessions.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">When I was about to write my book "effective
forms of environmental diplomacy," I was mainly concerned about the idea
that the root causes of future conflicts in the world will be mainly
environmental.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As a researcher and an activist in the Middle East,
that idea gets me along with all the geopolitical conflicts in the region. I
thought we would need better conflict resolution strategies, more focused and
effective environmental diplomacy to preserve peace and security on the global,
regional, and national levels.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Trying to map the issue of environmental diplomacy,
I will address three main questions:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1- Why Environmental diplomacy?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2- Where are we now? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3- How to move forward?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Why Environmental diplomacy?</span></u></b><u><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></h1>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">On the state level, diplomacy in its early
traditional sense focused only on 'high politics,' i.e., national security, defense,
and sovereignty. It did not weigh what was considered 'low politics,' i.e.,
social, cultural, and environmental issues considered peripheral. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Despite starting to negotiate environmental treaties
in the mid-nineteenth century, it was not until states began to view the
environment as a threat to security that they began to give weight to
environmental diplomacy.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2 style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><em><u><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></u></em></h2>
<h2 style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><em><u><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">What causes an environmental conflict?</span></u></em><u><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></h2>
<h3 style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">First narrative: Natural Resource Scarcity <o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Instability can be caused by a decrease in supply
and demand, besides the people's inability to access key
resources.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2nd narrative: Population Growth<o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In the presence of poor economic performance and
lack of adequate infrastructure, population growth may cause conflict and
instability.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In addition to the political, economic, and social
problems, some authors argue that the root cause of the Arab spring was the
youth bulb. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3rd narrative: Human Migration<o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Once people migrate due to a lack of
resources and inability to survive, conflicts will arise. Then, group-identity
issues could lead to violence within migrant and host societies, and possible
conflicts may arise over host resources.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">We can refer to the tensions in Lebanon between the
Syrian refugees and the host communities, especially in Akkar and Bekaa, where
resources are scarce and where people in local communities are under poverty
lines like their new guests.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4th narrative: Globalisation<o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This narrative also relates to the concept of food
security, where globalization has allowed for mass production and distribution,
often at the expense of the environment.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5th narrative: Unequal Resource Distribution<o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">When communities experience livelihood insecurity
due to environmental degradation, the disadvantaged members of society will
suffer the most, and as a result, violence will likely emerge. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This is the case in most third-world
countries. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Empirical case:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Drawing one of the strongest links between
environment and conflict, we can refer to the Syrian civil war:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">- An extreme drought in Syria between 2006 and 2009
(which was most likely due to climate change) was </span><strong><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">one</span></strong><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> factor in the violent uprising in 2011. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">-<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Iraqi migration and influx
of refugees to Syria, in addition, e</span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">nvironmental migration from rural areas to the cities, which led
to high unemployment rates, pressure on infrastructure, and resources scarcity,
are other factors.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">- Population growth, unequal resource distribution,
lack of opportunities, and inability to access resources due to corruption,
clientelism, and dictatorship, were also leading factors.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 12pt; text-align: justify;"><em><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Therefore,
Environmental Diplomacy should be seen as a Peacebuilding Tool.</span></em><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Where are we now?</span></u></b><u><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></h1>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Since the end of the Cold War, diplomacy has
witnessed a huge transformation. The role of technology and media changed the
image of a diplomat. It reinforced "public diplomacy," in addition to
the emersion of new non-state actors such as non-governmental organizations
(NGOs) and even multinational corporations. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">'Multilateral diplomacy' pressed by public opinion
pushed the environmental agenda forward. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">And now, 'Environmental diplomacy' falls under two
categories: <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1. Conventions regulating natural resources <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2. Conventions regulating pollution. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2 style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></h2>
<h2 style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">On the bright side <o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<h3 style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1- Progress in IEL and its principles<o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">On the bright side of the international
Environmental agenda, we notice the great leap in the development of
international Environmental Law and the evolution of generally accepted
principles (<em>mainly</em> found
in the "Stockholm Declaration" and "Rio Declaration").<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><em><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></em><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><em><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A Sovereign Shall
Do No Harm </span></b></em><em><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><em><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Duty to Prevent</span></b></em><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><em><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Principle of
Cooperation</span></b></em><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><em><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Principle of
Sustainable Development</span></b></em><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><em><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Precautionary
Principle</span></b></em><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><em><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The 'Polluter Pays'
principle</span></b></em><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><em><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The principle of
Common but Differentiated Responsibility</span></b></em><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></b></h3>
<h3 style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2- Multilateralism pushed the environmental agenda
forward<o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">More than ever, environmental non-governmental
organizations play an important role locally and internationally in addressing
different environmental issues. Since the 1980s, these organizations have
increasingly influenced environmental policy and discourse globally.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The NGOs' widespread influence highlights the
importance of their advocacy plans and their role in adopting and implementing environmental projects.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Engaging in 'multilateral diplomacy' helped
facilitate cooperation and coordination between different stakeholders at
international and national levels and between civil society, public and private
sectors.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3- Decentralization led to better governance<o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">For the last few decades, decision-making powers
have been decentralized, shifting from governments towards more participation
of local institutions and NGOs. In the environmental governance realm, this
power shift helped promote the fundamental principles of environmental
governance and enhanced effectiveness. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4- Environment became an essential part of
decision-making levels<o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The environment has become part of every level of
decision-making processes, which results from the modern understanding that
cities and communities and economic, social, and political life are
all subsets of the environment. All people belong to the ecosystem in which
they thrive.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5- Environment is a part of policy priority areas<o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">States' policies within environmental governance
tend to emphasize several aspects of environmental policy. The most notable
policy priorities are the effect of the environment on the quality of life,
climate change, ecosystem degradation, nature and biodiversity, natural
resources, and waste management.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;"><u><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Challenges
and dilemmas <o:p></o:p></span></u></h2>
<h3 style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1- State's national interests<o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">States' territorial boundaries rarely reflect
natural boundaries, so national industries and consumption devastate resources
and generate pollution causing environmental problems beyond the state. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Even though progress has been made in environmental
preservation, the problem lies in the states' national interests, which affect
their compliance with environmental laws and principles. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2- Economic growth vs. environmental
sustainability <o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The economy and environment are interconnected.
Environmental diplomacy will not succeed without considering economic
interests. Besides, economic diplomacy will not be sustainable unless it
addresses environmental issues. However, this relationship caused asymmetrical
perceptions and differences in interests and conceptualization between the
Global South and the Global North. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">While most of the sustainability discourses in
industrialized countries refer to environmental issues, developing countries
are still involved with economic and social problems such as poverty, social
injustice, and lack of development.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3- Populism <o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The rise of populism (esp. right-wing populism) in
the world was accompanied by the spread of "conspiracy theories" and
the rise of "climate change denial" theories. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This coincided with lobbying against "green
policies." From 1989 onwards, industry-funded organizations sought to
spread doubt among the public about global warming in a strategy already
developed by the tobacco industry. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As a result, the public discourse shifted from the
"science and data of climate change" to a discussion of politics and
the surrounding controversy. The scientific </span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">skepticism</span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> developed to denial, then to a hoax or conspiracy theory.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4- Weak negotiators: division at home<o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Driven by voters' interests, many politicians and
world leaders are still reluctant to consider the environment as essential to
"high politics" or consider the environment a
national security issue.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Usually, internal conflicts over economic versus
environmental policies cause a disturbance in the state's negotiating power and
weaken it, giving opposing parties an advantage, sometimes for the benefit of
anti-environment agendas.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5- Coalition-building: Double-edged sword<o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Informal diplomacy has altered the way of conducting
international negotiations, especially on the environment. Despite not having
an official status, coalitions between states and /or NGOs facilitated
coordination, advocacy and led to successful environmental negotiations.
Coalition-building is a form of 'associative diplomacy" that increases the group members' bargaining strength when voting and increasing
lobbying power. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This coalition-building has proved to advance the
environmental treaties and agenda; however, an environmental coalition
may only be as strong as its weakest link. Each member will have different
levels of resources and experience, so states or organizations that provide a
lot of resources and powerful leadership can lead the coalition to serve their
own interest.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">6- NGO diplomacy: the Astroturf!<o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">NGOs are independent of government institutions, but
they usually rely on funds to carry on their missions.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Some NGOs receive millions of dollars funds from
states. This may raise some questions about their level of independence and
legitimacy. As Transparency International points out, "NGO status risks to
become a mere vehicle used by special interest groups to avoid control
mechanisms." Others have raised the problem of the Astroturf, which is the
"process by which firms create mobilizations that take the form of an NGO,
resemble an NGO but whose existence is, in fact, provided by private funds, for
commercial purposes."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">How to move forward? </span></u></b><u><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></h1>
<h3 style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1- Train expert diplomats<o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Today, in a complex interdependent world, diplomacy
is facing many challenges that require better practices. It must realize this
urgency "to develop or perish."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The earlier developments changed its character and
the number of players competing with traditional diplomats. Today, it is
essential to move towards more professionalism, to have "expert
diplomats."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Expert diplomats are "professionals with
advanced scientific training and are authorized to make politically or legally
binding decisions."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2- </span></b><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">interdisciplinary training <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Building a team of expert diplomats and negotiators
from various backgrounds helps facilitate conflict resolution
strategies by thinking out of the box and adding extensive new knowledge and
skills to the already known ones. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">What is needed is a
consistent interdisciplinary training program for diplomats that provides them
with extensive knowledge and position at the same time to reinforce their
expertise in scientific fields. </span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Here, I suggest the training should go both ways:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">- Providing scientific knowledge to political
negotiators and diplomats.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">- Provide political knowledge and negotiation skills
to scientific experts.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3-</span></b><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Construct Scientific –Political Negotiators</span></b><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> The notion of scientific expertise should not
omit the political nature of international negotiations. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In other words, governments should train their
expert diplomats to act upon their scientific knowledge and
their political and diplomatic understanding. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">What is needed is not just using technical and
scientific experts to work beside the political negotiators but also to empower
environmental expert diplomats and train them to actively engage in all phases of the
negotiations. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4- Build an "Environmental Diplomat"
career<o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The urgency of protecting the environment pushes us to establish an "environmental diplomat" as a 'career.' <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This career should be linked to social and political
construction in which the diplomatic factor is not replaced, but it complements
the work of other diplomatic agents. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">An environmental diplomat should speak with an
expert and a political voice at once.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">They should approach any environmental issue with a
globalist perception. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In traditional diplomacy, diplomats are trained to
incline towards the national interest of their states. However, environmental
diplomats should protect their state's national interest and look beyond it to
foresee environmental topics as convergent issues that touch the whole universe
and affect all nations. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Conclusion</span></u></b><u><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></h1>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">On a final general note</span></b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, I urge scholars and practitioners in the field of
diplomacy, international relations, and political sciences to move beyond the traditional
perceptions and understanding of their fields. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">More than ever, the environment is becoming an
essential question in various fields:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">- At the global level, nature is becoming the source
of both cooperation and conflict, which imposes a new vision for the future of
diplomacy.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">- States are more aware of the new challenges caused
by environmental degradation on national, regional, and global levels.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">- Environment is becoming the main issue for voters'
choices in elections. Politicians are more to offer "green" policies
and promises in their programs.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">- Environment has become one of the main sources of
economic power nationally and globally. States are looking for more investments
in a green economy and foresee solutions for their unemployment problems.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">- International relations are moving away from
traditional concepts of security and conflicts and forecasting that the main
root causes of future conflicts will be environmental. </span></p>Leila Nicolashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13039807238438755745noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6682320621634513985.post-75387750050605682392020-11-24T12:50:00.004+02:002020-11-24T13:34:41.541+02:00Lebanese Christians leaning for Far - Right isolationists<p style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><br /></p><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><br /></h3><p style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><br /></p><p style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">The delay in the formation of the Lebanese government was because Prime Minister-designate Saad Hariri announced that he was to choose the Christian ministers himself while granting other Lebanese sects the freedom to choose their ministers and withholding this matter from Christian parties and President Michel Aoun. All that has caused resentment among Christians in Lebanon, despite the Church’s silence.</span></p><p style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">Regrettably, internal Lebanese policies set since the Taif Agreement are causing fractures in the Lebanese society leading to securitization and the rise of existential concerns for the Christians.</span></p><p style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">Historically, Christians in the Middle East were separated into three ideological lines as follows:</span></p><p style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">1- The Isolationists: </span></p><p style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">They consider themselves an extension of the West; culturally and religiously. Afraid of their being and existence as a minority in an overwhelming Islamic environment. They call for retrenchment, isolation, and sometimes secession or even a federal state. </span></p><p style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">Today, supporters of this ideological line benefit from the prevailing sectarian incitements. They appeal to many Christians trying to cast 'solutions from glorified history'.</span></p><p style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">Realistically, the Christians' status in Lebanon and the Levant is no longer the same. The end of the Lebanese civil war has come at the expense of the Christians and their historical role in the system, and it is impossible to turn back the clock.</span></p><p style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">2- The Nationalists:</span></p><p style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">Those call for full integration either with Greater Syria or The Arab Nation. Understanding that the religious aspect will prevent Christians from acquiring a good status in states with an Islamic majority, they cheered secularism to make citizenship the basis for state-building and office.</span></p><p style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">These ideas have receded significantly among Christians after the decline of the nationalist and pan-Arab wave after Jamal abd-Nasser, besides the rise of sectarianism in the region as a whole.</span></p><p style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">3- Levantines:</span></p><p style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">They consider their minority status as no threat to them; they do not feel threatened by the Muslim majority. Thus, they believe that the preservation of their role and existence requires openness to the environment while maintaining cultural heritage, pluralism, and freedom of belief.</span></p><p style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">They reject being 'remnants of a Crusaders' in the region, and they always assert that they are an integral part of the Arab world and their fate is closely linked to that of Muslims. Levantines believe that civil states are the best solution for Arab-world problems, or so they assume.</span></p><p style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">General Michel Aoun (as head of the Free Patriotic Movement) championed this idea, making it a roadmap for his national understandings and policies of "re-empowering Christians in the Lebanese system" and calling for a civil state.</span></p><p style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">Based on the above, the Lebanese Parties' political practice will lead to long-term problems and societal fractures. Christians of the second and third lines are being pushed to the first one through malicious policies that take a sectarian character, including - but not limited to - Hariri's attempt to cover up the real obstacles in forming his government by transforming it into an Islamic-Christian sectarian conflict.</span></p><p></p><p style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"></p><p></p><p style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">The Lebanese elite today adopt narrow-minded policies, based on the principle of political maliciousness and personal gain at the expense of true national gain; which is manifested in the unity of the fate of Christians and Muslims, their belief that one hand can never clap on its own, and that the exodus of Christians from the Levant is a loss for Muslims in it... Without this faith, the will be no resurrection for Lebanon.</span></p>Leila Nicolashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13039807238438755745noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6682320621634513985.post-57022173135011870752020-11-16T13:24:00.000+02:002020-11-16T13:24:49.314+02:00UNIFIL: More than Peacekeeping, Less than Peace Enforcement<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: center;"><br /></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Paper
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>presented in "The Evolution of UN
Peace Operations: Contemporary Challenges and Requirements", 2015 ACUNS-ASIL
Workshop at NUPI, Oslo, 26 October – 1 November 2015</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: center;"><br /></p>
<w:sdt docparttype="Table of Contents" docpartunique="t" id="5891472" sdtdocpart="t">
<p class="MsoTocHeading"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Contents<o:p></o:p></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><w:sdtpr></w:sdtpr></span></p>
<p class="MsoToc1" style="tab-stops: right dotted 467.5pt;"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_Toc429924744"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">List of Acronyms</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc429924744 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">3<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400320039003900320034003700340034000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoToc1" style="tab-stops: right dotted 467.5pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_Toc429924745"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Introduction</span></i><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc429924745 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">4<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400320039003900320034003700340035000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoToc1" style="tab-stops: right dotted 467.5pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_Toc429924746"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Research and Methodology</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc429924746 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">4<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400320039003900320034003700340036000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoToc1" style="tab-stops: right dotted 467.5pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_Toc429924747"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Part I- Defining the concepts</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc429924747 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">6<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400320039003900320034003700340037000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops: right dotted 467.5pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_Toc429924748"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">1.1- The introduction of Peacekeeping and Peace enforcement
Norms</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc429924748 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">6<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400320039003900320034003700340038000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops: right dotted 467.5pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_Toc429924749"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">1.2- Definitions</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc429924749 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">8<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400320039003900320034003700340039000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops: right dotted 467.5pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_Toc429924750"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">A- Peacekeeping</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc429924750 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">8<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400320039003900320034003700350030000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops: right dotted 467.5pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_Toc429924751"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">B- Changes in Peacekeeping mandates</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc429924751 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">10<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400320039003900320034003700350031000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops: right dotted 467.5pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_Toc429924752"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">C- Peace Enforcement</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc429924752 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">11<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400320039003900320034003700350032000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoToc1" style="tab-stops: right dotted 467.5pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_Toc429924753"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Part II- Defining the political Environment</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc429924753 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">13<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400320039003900320034003700350033000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoToc1" style="tab-stops: right dotted 467.5pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_Toc429924754"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Part III- Findings and Evaluation</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc429924754 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">22<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400320039003900320034003700350034000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoToc1" style="tab-stops: right dotted 467.5pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_Toc429924755"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Concluding Remarks</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc429924755 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">29<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400320039003900320034003700350035000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops: right dotted 467.5pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_Toc429924756"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">A- UNIFIL II: a Chapter VI or VII mission?</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc429924756 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">29<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400320039003900320034003700350036000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops: right dotted 467.5pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_Toc429924757"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">B- UNIFIL II: Peacekeeping or peace enforcement mission?</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc429924757 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">31<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400320039003900320034003700350037000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops: right dotted 467.5pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_Toc429924758"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">C- UNFIL: an evaluation</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc429924758 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">33<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400320039003900320034003700350038000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops: right dotted 467.5pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_Toc429924759"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">D- UNIFIL: Impartiality vs. credibility</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc429924759 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">34<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400320039003900320034003700350039000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoToc1" style="tab-stops: right dotted 467.5pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_Toc429924760"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Recommendations</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc429924760 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">36<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400320039003900320034003700360030000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoToc1" style="tab-stops: right dotted 467.5pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_Toc429924761"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Bibliography</span></i><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc429924761 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">37<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400320039003900320034003700360031000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</w:sdt><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<h1 style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;"><a name="_Toc429924744"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">List of Acronyms</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Civil
and Military Cooperation (CIMIC)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lebanese
Armed forces (LAF)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Maritime
Task Force (MTF)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span class="A5"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Rules
of Engagement (RoE)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">South
Lebanon Army (SLA)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
United Nations Organization in the Congo (UNOC)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">UN
Emergency Force in the Middle East (UNEF)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">United
Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">US-
Multi-National Force (USMNF)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<h1 style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;"><a name="_Toc429924745"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Introduction</span></i></a><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></i></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Thirty-
Seven years since first deployed in Lebanon, the 'United Nations Interim Force
in Lebanon' (UNIFIL) became a part of the recent Lebanese history, and to a
large extent, a major part of the daily lives of the Southern Lebanese. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In
1978, in the aftermath of Israeli invasion of Lebanon, the UN Security Council
passed Resolution 425 which created a peacekeeping mission to confirm the withdrawal
of the Israeli forces, maintain peace and security, and assist the Lebanese
government in regaining its authority in this area. Twenty two years later, the
UN confirmed the Israeli withdrawal from Southern Lebanon (with some
violations) and helped in drawing the Blue Line between the two states. Till
now, the second objective has not been achieved totally, despite the fact that
the 'Lebanese Armed forces' (LAF) were deployed in the South in 2006, for the
first time since three decades.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Since
its deployment, UNIFIL has been accused of ineffectiveness, weakness and
incapability, especially due to its inability to fulfill its mandate. When the
new 'robust' force was discussed in the aftermath of the 2006 war between
Israel and Hezbollah, many at the UN offices and in the world thought it would
be a new phase of effective UN peacekeeping in Lebanon.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Officially,
the UN officials and organizations don't use different names for the old UNIFIL
which has been deployed in 1978 under the authorization of the SC resolutions
425 and 426, or the 'robust' UNIFIL, which has been deployed in 2006, within
the authorization of Resolution 1701. However, this paper shall recall the
terms: UNIFIL I and UNIFIL II, for the sake of differentiation and clarity.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="margin-top: 0mm;"><a name="_Toc429924746"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Research and Methodology</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: windowtext;">This
research seeks to fill the research gap that exists regarding the perceptions
of the Lebanese local communities towards UNIFIL. Most of the publications
about UNIFIL seek to define the force, its Rules of Engagement (RoE), as well
as positive and negative outcomes of the peacekeeping experiences in Lebanon. Little
tried to seek how the UNIFIL fits in the locals' narratives, and the researches
about the Lebanese attitudes towards what became a 'perennial' force in their
land are rare.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: windowtext;">- Is
UNIFILII a peacekeeping mission or a Peace Enforcement mission trying to disarm
Hezbollah and defend Israel as some EU officials has said in 2006?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: windowtext;">- <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>How do the highly politicized Lebanese people
judge UNIFIL's presence and role before and after 2006? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: windowtext;">- As
the religion is the dominant variable in the Lebanese politics and history, what
is the role of religion in shaping their attitudes towards UNIFIL? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: windowtext;">- And
out of all major accusations of UNIFIL I of ineffectiveness, why do the
Southern Lebanese have this affection with that force? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Trying
to bridge the gap and answer these questions, this study utilizes secondary sources
about UNIFIL experience in Lebanon, and relies on surveys and interviews with
the locals - the author has conducted in Eastern Sector of the UNIFIL
deployment in August 2015- plus an interview with UNIFIL spokesperson, Mr.
Andrea Tenenti, on 2 September 2015.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="color: windowtext;">In
this research, I argue that:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: windowtext;">1-
There is ambiguity in the language of the UNSC Resolution 1701; it doesn't
refer directly to chapter VII, however uses the strong language of chapter VII.
Some NATO contingents tried to benefit from this ambiguity to apply their own
national agendas, and practice wide interpretation for 1701. However, the
realities in the South made them more humble and forced them to abide by the
narrow interpretation of 1701.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: windowtext;">2- UNIFIL
II was sought to be a different force from UNIFIL I with more aggressive
mandate, different (RoE), and with an ability to enforce peace not just keeping
it. Real politics moved UNIFIL II away from overt peace enforcement type of activities
towards a more UNIFIL I style.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: windowtext;">3- Religion
does shape the perceptions of the Lebanese towards UNIFIL, but it may not be
the dominant variable. The outcome of the surveys reveals that the political
stances as well as the behavior of the troops have the major role in the
Lebanese attitudes towards UNIFILII.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: windowtext;">4-
While UNIFIL I was accused of inefficiency and weakness, UNIFIL II is accused
of aggressiveness, spying and lack of understanding of cultural sentiments.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: windowtext;">5-
UNIFIL I despite its shortcomings, could win the hearts and minds of the
population and became a part of the land.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: windowtext;">6- UNIFIL
is caught in the dilemma of credibility and impartiality. Credibility sometimes
is the price of keeping the impartiality image.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: windowtext;">7-If
the peacekeeping experiences in many countries has been marked by some scandals
like killing civilians, humiliating people, rape and sexual abuse, the UNIFIL
history - through 37 years<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in Lebanon-
is described as excellent and so clean despite some tensions between the locals
and UNIFIL II soldiers.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: windowtext;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: windowtext;">The
First part of this paper gives brief definitions and an overview of the peacekeeping
and peace enforcement concepts. The second part details the political context
within which UNIFIL I and II were created and the challenges they faced. The
third part displays the results of the surveys conducted in addition to some
analysis and comments from UNIFIL spokesperson, and the final part shows the
outcomes and evaluations.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1><a name="_Toc429924747"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Part I- Defining the concepts</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h2><a name="_Toc429924748"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.1- The introduction of Peacekeeping and Peace enforcement Norms</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Even
it was not mentioned in the charter, Peacekeeping has been a major part of the
functions of the UN through its history. The Second secretary general
Hammarskjöld elaborated that concept during the Suez conflict 1956. On July 26,
1956, Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser announced the nationalization of
the Suez Canal Company, which lead to a conflict between Egypt, Israel and the
two dominant powers Britain, and France. On October 29, 1956, the Israeli
forces attacked across Egypt's Sinai Peninsula advancing to within 10 miles of
the Suez Canal. Under the pretext of protecting the Canal from the two
belligerents, Britain and France landed troops of their own a few days later. As
the Security Council was blocked with the British and French vetoes, it was the
General Assembly that adopted a resolution on 7 November, 1956 calling for the
creation of the first peacekeeping operation in UN history, the 'UN Emergency
Force in the Middle East' (UNEF). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">When UNEF was
established Hammarskjöld considered it a new departure. "It is", he
said, "certainly not contrary to the Charter, but is in a certain sense
outside the explicit terms of the Charter".</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Thus,
peacekeeping operations, were not foreseen under either Chapter VI or VII of
the Charter, they fell somewhere in between. Hammarskjöld's famous 'Chapter VI½'
placed peacekeeping at the crossroads of peaceful and coercive measures.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hammarskjöld
laid down three principles that govern these operations: <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(1) Consent from
the territorial state and other parties involved; <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(2) Impartiality
from the UN side to secure credibility in the operation; and <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(3) Non</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">‐</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">use
of force from the UN side, unless in individual self</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">‐</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">defense
or collective mission defense. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Later on, facing
the challenges of the Congo crisis in 1960, Hammarskjöld developed the concept
peacekeeping operations through creating a peace enforcement mission. He Urged
the Security Council to establish '<span style="background: white;">The United
Nations Organization in the Congo' (UNOC) which was the UN's first peacekeeping
mission with a significant military force, and deployed without the consent of
the parties. Trying to overlap on his previous basic principles on peacekeeping,
Hammarskjöld</span> made it clear: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>"You
try to save a drowning man without prior authorization".</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">That statement shows
that Hammarskjöld believed in what was - then- set as "Responsibility to Protect"
norm in 2005, and his approach of protecting civilians through peacekeeping
operations which was brought by the Brahimi report (2000)</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
is now codified in the peacekeeping doctrine of the United Nations.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">By
the 1990s, UN peace operations had come to be seen as falling into two separate
camps: peacekeeping and peace enforcement missions. The former were the 'Blue
Helmet' operations commanded formally by the UN Secretary-General; while the
latter were war-fighting operations conducted by multinational forces ( usually
NATO forces) or 'coalitions of the willing' which were sponsored by SC, but
commanded by designated national commanders.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The UN
peacekeeping principles and guidelines (Capstone Doctrine) set the legality of
these peace operations within the Security Council mandate and
responsibilities; "the Security Council may adopt a range of measures,
including the establishment of a United Nations peacekeeping operation. The
legal basis for such action is found in Chapters VI, VII and VIII of the
Charter... [P]rovided such activities are consistent with the purposes and
principles outlined in Chapter I of the Charter".</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2><a name="_Toc429924749"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.2- Definitions</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<h2><a name="_Toc429924750"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">A- Peacekeeping</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The UN has
defined peacekeeping as missions "involving military personnel, but
without enforcement powers, undertaken by the United Nations to help maintain
or restore international peace and security in areas of conflict".</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The Capstone Doctrine
defines peacekeeping as<b> </b>"a technique designed to preserve the peace,
however fragile, where fighting has been halted and to assist in implementing
agreements achieved by the peacemakers"</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The three basic
principles of peacekeeping are:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a- The consent
of the parties</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>or the territorial authority,</b> derives
from the cornerstones of the charter and the international law; i.e.
sovereignty and non intervention. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">This consent is
the main difference between a peacekeeping and a peace enforcement mission
which doesn't seek to have the consent of the parties. UN ensures the
importance of having the consent of the state or the parties of the conflict; "In
the absence of such consent, a peacekeeping operation risks becoming a party to
the conflict; and being drawn towards enforcement action, and away from its
fundamental role of keeping the peace"</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b- Impartiality</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">One of the UN
officials in the 'Department of Peace-keeping Operations' referred to
impartiality as the 'oxygen' of peacekeeping.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
As Moskos defines it; "Impartiality means that the peacekeeping soldiers
have no apparent interest in seeing the moral vindication or material triumph
of either of the disputants".</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Findlay notes
that "Peacekeepers are intended to be enablers rather than enforcers. They
have no enemies and are not there to win. Their effectiveness depends on
voluntary cooperation. This in turn enables them to act impartially, since they
threaten no one. The abandonment of impartiality, whether deliberate or
inadvertent, runs the risk of turning the peace force into an enemy of one or
more of the parties".</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Impartiality is crucial to maintaining the consent and
cooperation of the main parties, but should not be confused with neutrality or
inactivity. United Nations peacekeepers should be impartial in their dealings
with the parties to the conflict, but not neutral in the execution of their
mandate.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c- <b>Non-use of
force except in self-defense and defense of the mandate <o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dag Hammarskjöld
saw in peacekeeping a role for the UN which was quasi-military but avoided the
use of force</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It was, later, approved that UN
peacekeeping operations are not an enforcement tool, however, they may use
force at the tactical level, with the authorization of the Security Council, if
acting in self-defense and defense of the mandate.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sir Brian
Urquhart was right when he insisted that: "The real strength of a
peacekeeping force lies not in its capacity to use force, but precisely in its <i>not
</i>using force and thereby remaining above the conflict and preserving its
unique position and prestige".</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
He went further to ensure that "The moment a peacekeeping force starts
killing people it becomes a part of the conflict it is supposed to be
controlling and thus a part of the problem".</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The non-use of
force except in cases of self-defense or the defense of the mission ensures the
UN commitment to conflict resolution rather than being a party to the conflict.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Using force in
cases of self-defense is a natural and inherent right. It is derived from
Grotius philosophy who regarded "self-defense" or "the
preservation of the self" as a natural right of individuals that could not
be abrogated or limited by law. Grotius refers such right to the natural law; "the
right of self-defense has its origin directly, and chiefly, in the fact that
nature commits to each his own protection, not in the injustice or crime of the
aggressor".</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">However, the
exercise of the right to self-defense by UN peacekeepers, must be used proportionally,
as a last resort, and when absolutely necessary facing an imminent threat.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Quite apart from
legal considerations, it has been clear since the initiation of peacekeeping operations
that states are unwilling to provide forces to the UN if they are not accorded
the right of self-defense.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">It
was Kurt Waldheim, the 4th UN Secretary General, who broadened the 'Self-defense'
norm</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
He issued the concept of 'the defense of the mission' which was copied later on
by all subsequent UN peacekeeping operations. Waldheim in his report that
initiated UNEF II (1973) assured that "Self-defense would include resistance
to attempts by forceful means to prevent it from discharging its duties under
the mandate of the Security Council".</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2><a name="_Toc429924751"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">B- Changes in Peacekeeping mandates</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Over the years,
peacekeeping operations advanced from traditional military models to combine a
complex form of many elements working together to help lay the foundations for
sustainable peace.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">After
the collapse of USSR, and the end of cold war; Peacekeeping has developed into
two main types: traditional and robust (expanded).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a- Traditional
peacekeeping<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The term 'traditional'
peacekeeping is used to refer to UN peace operations involving the deployment
of military contingents to monitor, supervise and verify compliance with
ceasefires, ceasefire lines, withdrawals, buffer zones and related military
agreements.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Such missions
often have a limited life and are set as 'interim' forces. However, some of
them end up as 'freezing' missions, or stuck on lines of fire between the
different groups.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b- Robust
peacekeeping<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">After the cold
war, a new form of 'robust' peacekeeping emerged. The Security Council initiated
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">UN peacekeeping operations giving
them more expanded mandates and authorizing them to 'use all necessary means'
to deter forceful attempts to disrupt the political process, protect civilians
under imminent threat of physical attack, and/or assist the national
authorities in maintaining law and order.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2><a name="_Toc429924752"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">C- Peace Enforcement</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peace
enforcement is defined as an operation that aims to "ensure the
implementation of a peace agreement or arrangement (such as a ceasefire),
including compliance by all parties with their undertakings, through the
judicious application of incentives and disincentives, among them the robust
use of force".</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Capstone
doctrine insists that "It involves the application, with the authorization
of the Security Council, of a range of coercive measures, including the use of
military force. Such actions are authorized to restore international peace and
security in situations where the Security Council has determined the existence
of a threat to the peace, breach of the peace or act of aggression".</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Origins of the Term <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The meaning of
the term peace enforcement is often disputed. When soldiers are performing
enforcement actions under a UN Security Council mandate, they are still called
peacekeepers. The term's origins are found in the UN Charter under Chapter VII
in the designated procedures for reacting against 'breaches of peace and acts
of aggression'. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The first real
use of the term peace enforcement came with the 6th Secretary General of the
UN, Boutros Ghali. In his report to the Security Council, <i>Agenda for Peace
(1992), </i>he<i> </i>outlined the procedures for the use of 'peace enforcement
forces', arguing that:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">"1) Member
States should place at the UN's disposal volunteers to manage broken or
ineffective cease fires,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2) The forces must be more heavily armed than peacekeepers
and undergo extensive preparatory training, and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3) Such forces would be under the command of
the UN Secretary General".</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ghali's report didn't
give a definition to peace enforcement, however a clear definition of the term
has to wait until the British and the American military doctrines on
peacekeeping were published on 1994. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The British
field manual, <i>Wider</i> <i>Peacekeeping, </i>published in September 1994
defined peace enforcement as: "Operations carried out to restore peace
between belligerent parties who do not all consent to interventions and who may
be engaged in combat activities".</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
US Army's Field Manual of December 1994 defined peace enforcement as, "The
application of military force or the threat of its use, normally pursuant to
international authorization, to compel compliance with generally accepted
resolutions or sanctions."</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Even the Brahimi
report (2000), did not define peace enforcement, but recommended that the
mandate must authorize the use of force and those bigger, better-equipped
forces, and more costly forces should be used to present a more credible
deterrent threat.</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
UN made a clear distinction between the 'robust' peacekeeping and 'peace
enforcement' missions: "Although on the ground they may sometimes appear
similar, robust peacekeeping should not be confused with peace enforcement, as
envisaged under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">"Robust
peacekeeping involves the use of force at the tactical level with the
authorization of the Security Council and consent of the host nation and/or the
main parties to the conflict. By contrast, peace enforcement does not require
the consent of the main parties and may involve the use of military force at
the strategic or international level, which is normally prohibited for Member
States under Article 2(4) of the Charter, unless authorized by the Security
Council"</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<span class="A5"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b></span>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="A5"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p>
<h1><a name="_Toc429924753"><span class="A5"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Part II- Defining the political Environment</span></span></a><span class="A5"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span class="A5"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1- Most of the Lebanese internal problems in recent
history started after signing the Arab League-sponsored 'Cairo Agreement'.
Under that agreement, the 'Palestinian armed resistance' gained official
legitimacy, freedom of movement, and the right to establish autonomous
institutions in the refugee camps inside Lebanon.</span></span><span class="A9"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="A5"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The influx of
Palestinian militants who fled Jordan following the 'Black September' in 1970
turned southern Lebanon to a battlefield between Palestinian Liberation
Organization (PLO) and Israel from one side and PLO and other Lebanese militias
on the other side. This turned southern Lebanon, thereafter, to what the
Lebanese call 'Fatah Land' where the PLO fighters risked the lives of the
Lebanese, raped women, killed their opponents, and tried to dominate Lebanon
militarily driving Lebanon to civil war on 1975.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2-
On 14 March 1978, Israel invaded south Lebanon in response to an operation executed
inside Israel by a Palestinian gunman who originated in the Lebanese territory,
leaving over 30 civilians killed. The Israeli major invasion of Lebanon
resulted in the deaths of as many as 2,000 people, mostly civilians. Lebanon
strongly protested to the UN Security Council, which adopted two resolutions;
425 and 426, on 17 March 1978.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3-
Compared to other Security Council resolutions during the cold war, adopting
the resolution 425 was surprisingly fast. Urquhart, the former Undersecretary-General
of the United Nations, explains that; "the Camp David negotiations, which
the United States was sponsoring between Egypt and Israel, had reached a
critical stage. If the Council took no action on Lebanon, President Anwar Sadat
of Egypt could not be expected to continue negotiations with Israel when Israel
had just invaded yet another Arab country. The United States was, therefore,
pressing hard for urgent action in the Security Council and specifically for a
UN peacekeeping force in Southern Lebanon".</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4-Resolution
425 called "upon Israel immediately to cease its military action against
Lebanese territorial integrity and withdraw forthwith its forces from all
Lebanese territory;" It also decided "<span style="background: white;">in
the light of the request of the Government of Lebanon, to establish immediately
under its authority a United Nations interim force for southern Lebanon for the
purpose of:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 38.7pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Confirming
the withdrawal of Israeli forces, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 38.7pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Restoring
international peace and security; and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 38.7pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Assisting
the Government of Lebanon in ensuring the return of its effective authority in
the area".</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5-
Resolution 426 approved the UN Secretary General's report on the implementation
of UNSC resolution 425 and authorized the deployment of UNIFIL force.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
UNIFIL's (RoE) included provisions to "use its best efforts to prevent the
recurrence of fighting and to ensure that its area of operation is not utilized
for hostile activities of any kind". Moreover, the peacekeeping units could
"not use force except in self-defense" and were required to maintain "complete
impartiality."</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[34]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
The Secretary General report also made it clear that there were three
pre-conditions for UNIFIL to be effective: "First, it must have at all
times the full confidence and backing of the Security Council. Second, it must
operate with the full cooperation of all the parties concerned. Third, it must
be able to function as an integrated and efficient military unit."</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[35]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6-
UNIFIL couldn't get the consent of the parties of the conflict: The official
Lebanese government welcomed, however Israel, its proxies, and the most radical
factions in PLO rejected the presence of UN peacekeepers. As Israel withdrew
some of its troops from Lebanon on 13 June 1978, it handed the authority to the
South Lebanon Army (SLA), under Saad Haddad command, to take control of what
they called the 'Free Lebanon' zone. While the relationship between UNIFIL and
the PLO remained tense over the years, it is the SLA that accounted for the
bulk of attacks against UNIFIL in southern Lebanon.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[36]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aside
from their unwillingness to share Lebanon's southern border strip with UNIFIL,
the SLA saw the peacekeeping force as powerless and consistently confronted it.
The SLA was delegated to protect Israel's northern border against the PLO. The
two non-state actors fought severely, and UNIFIL was caught in the middle of their
war.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7-
On 6 June 1982, in response to a failed attempt to assassinate the Israeli ambassador
in London, Israel launched a massive invasion of Lebanon, reaching Beirut
within days. For the first time in Arab-Israeli conflict, Israel occupies an
Arab capital. Lebanese authorities reported that an estimated 19,000 people had
been killed and 30,000 wounded during the invasion.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[37]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In August 1982,
the United States brokered an agreement to end the fighting and evacuate PLO
and Syrian forces from Beirut.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A
Multinational Force (MNF1), composed of US, French, British and Italian troops,
arrived on 21 August 1982, as a peace mission to administer the agreement. The
pro-Israeli candidate Bashir Gemayal was elected president of Lebanon eleven days
later. The MNF1 withdrew on August 30, following the evacuation of the PLO.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8- On 16
September 1982, in revenge for the assassination of president-elect Bashir
Gemayel, the Israeli-backed Christian militias (Kataeb) entered two Palestinian
refugee camps in Beirut (Sabra and Shatilla), and massacred many hundreds of
Palestinians over a period of three days. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">U.S. President
Ronald Reagan decided to deploy a new US- Multi-National Force (USMNF) to help
the Lebanese government restore and maintain stability. That Multinational
Force, which was deployed without UN endorsement, was soon driven to be a part
of the civil war. By August 1983, less than a year after their arrival, USMNF
troops were exchanging fire with various factions in Lebanon's civil war.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[38]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
The Western foundation of the USMNF led most people in the Middle East to
perceive it as a NATO operation. On April 18, 1983, the U.S. embassy in West
Beirut was bombed. On October 23, 1983, a terrorist attack in a huge truck
demolished the U.S. Marine's base and French quarters in Beirut, killing 241
American and 58 French soldiers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Under escalating
congressional and local pressure, the US president ordered the withdrawal of
USMNF, which was completed on 26 February 1984.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[39]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9-
By 1990, the civil war in Lebanon ended with the implementation of Taif
agreement, which called - among many other things- for:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>"privileged relations with Syria, the
immediate implementation of UNSC Resolution 425, the withdrawal of Israeli
occupation troops, the dissolution of local militias and their integration into
the Lebanese Army"</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[40]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">By the end of the
civil war, Hezbollah gained more legitimacy as a resistance against Israeli
occupation and soon it monopolized the armed resistance in the South.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10-
Aiming to drive Hezbollah out of southern Lebanon, Israel launched two major
incursions (1993 and 1996). UNIFIL had now been reduced to 4,500 troops and
could only deliver humanitarian assistance, watch and record, including the
attack on the Fijian Battalion Headquarters of UNIFIL in the village of Qana on
18 April 1996.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">11-
The shelling of Qana took place when Israeli artillery attacked a UN compound
in the village where 800 Lebanese civilians had taken refuge to escape the
fighting. The result was: 107 civilians dead and around 116 others injured,
including four Fijian UNIFIL peacekeepers. While Israel claimed it was a
mistake, the UN investigative report stated that "the pattern of impacts
in the Qana area makes it unlikely that the shelling of the United Nations
compound was the result of technical and/or procedural errors".</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[41]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">12
- Rather than deterring Hezbollah's capacity to strike against Israeli soldiers
in the occupied Southern Lebanon, the 1993 and 1996 incursions actually
strengthened inter-sectarian solidarity against Israel and compelled the
international community to react once again by helping to negotiate a 'Document
of Understanding' between Israel and Hezbollah on 27 April 1996.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[42]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
'April Understanding' established what were to become the new 'rules of the
game', prohibits the belligerent parties from targeting civilians and firing
from civilian areas.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[43]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">13-<span style="background: white;"> On 17 April 2000, the Secretary-General received
formal notification from the Government of Israel that it would withdraw its
forces from Lebanon by July 2000 "in full accordance with Security Council
resolutions 425 (1978) and 426 (1978)"</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[44]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. Starting on 16 May, much sooner than expected, the IDF and
its proxies began to evacuate in great and surprising rush. On 25 May, the
Government of Israel notified the Secretary-General that Israel had redeployed
its forces in compliance with Security Council resolutions 425 (1978) and 426
(1978).</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[45]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0mm;">The
United Nations cartographer and his team, assisted by UNIFIL, worked on the
ground to identify the Line between the two states- the Blue<i> </i>Line<i>-</i>
which was adopted for the practical purposes of confirming the Israeli
withdrawal, and till now- it is not considered the official international
border between the two states.</p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0mm;">14-
The period between May 2000 and July 2006 was calm along the Blue Line, but
many of the root causes of the conflict remained. Actually, Israeli withdrawal
from Lebanon was not complete; there are still some occupied land i.e. Shebaa
Farms, Kafarshuba hills, and the northern part of Ghajar village. These
occupied territories maintained Hezbollah's armed resistance legitimacy.
Lebanese prisoners detained by Israel and provided an excuse for Hezbollah's operation
on 12 July 2006 with the aim of capturing Israeli soldiers in order to engage
in prisoners' exchange with Israel<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[46]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
By the time of the 2006 Israel-Lebanon War, UNIFIL troops had been reduced to
their lowest number since 1978, down to only around 2,000.</p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0mm;">15-
Following Hezbollah's operation, Israel reacted fiercely. <span class="A5"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Meta Plus Book";">Israel's armed forces targeted not just
Hezbollah positions, but also the Lebanese Army bases, civilian areas and
infrastructure throughout Lebanon. </span></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0mm;"><span class="A5"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Meta Plus Book";">On 13 July, Israel bombed Beirut's
International Airport and imposed a total land, sea and air blockade on
Lebanon. By 14 July, Israel's declared aims had gone beyond the mere return of
its captured soldiers and now sought the total elimination of Hezbollah and
implementation of UNSC Resolution 1559. The war</span></span> lasted 33 days,
and resulted in the deaths of 1,200 Lebanese and 43 Israeli civilians, as well
as the internal displacement of a million Lebanese and 300,000 Israelis<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[47]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<span class="A5"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Meta Plus Book";"> Hezbollah kept shelling rockets on
Israel till the last day of war.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0mm;"><span class="A5"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Meta Plus Book";">16- </span></span>The US-French drafted
text of UNSC resolution that had been circulated on 5 August<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[48]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>,
aimed to give UNIFIL only a supervising and humanitarian role, while a
NATO-supported "international force" would deal with the task of
disarming Hezbollah, implementing UNSC Resolution 1559<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[49]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>,
and guaranteeing security for Israel along the Blue Line<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[50]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">17-
The war ended on 14 August 2006, when the UNSC Resolution 1701 went into effect.
The Resolution which was unanimously passed on 12 August 2006; declared the "cessation
of hostilities", and established a new mandate for UNIFIL. It was
ultimately accepted by all parties to the conflict as "a compromise deal
that was urgently needed in light of the humanitarian disaster and Israel's
military failure on the battlefield".</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[51]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
The language of the new resolution was absent from the previous controversial
references in the US-French draft to peace enforcement measures under Chapter
VII, didn't mention <i>clearly</i> disarming Hezbollah, and retreated from the
idea of an "international force".<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">18-
As for UNIFIL, Resolution 1701 authorized an expanded force increasing its
troop strength to a maximum of 15,000. And for the first time in UN history, a
Maritime Task Force (MTF) was deployed. The first troops of the expanded force
were deployed with record-breaking speed for any peacekeeping operation of such
complexity</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[52]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
Many States declared their willingness to contribute, and by July 2015, the
number of contributing countries was 39.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In
addition to carrying out its original mandate under Council resolutions 425 and
426 (1978), UNIFIL would: <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul style="margin-top: 0mm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Monitor
the cessation of hostilities.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Accompany
and support the Lebanese armed forces as they deploy throughout the South,
including along the Blue Line, as Israel withdraws its armed forces from
Lebanon.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Coordinate
its activities referred to in the preceding paragraph (above) with the
Government of Lebanon and the Government of Israel.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Extend
its assistance to help ensure humanitarian access to civilian populations
and the voluntary and safe return of displaced persons.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Assist
the Lebanese armed forces in taking steps towards the establishment
between the Blue Line and the Litani River of an area free of any
armed personnel, assets and weapons other than those of the Government of
Lebanon and of UNIFIL deployed in this area.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Assist
the Government of Lebanon, at its request, in securing its borders and
other entry points to prevent the entry in Lebanon without its consent of
arms or related materiel.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0mm;">By this
resolution, the SC also authorized UNIFIL to' take all necessary action' in
areas of deployment of its forces and as it deems within its capabilities, to
ensure that its area of operations is not utilized for hostile activities of
any kind; to resist attempts by forceful means to prevent it from discharging
its duties under the mandate of the Security Council; and to protect United
Nations personnel, facilities, installations and equipment, ensure the security
and freedom of movement of United Nations personnel, humanitarian workers and,
without prejudice to the responsibility of the Government of Lebanon, to
protect civilians under imminent threat of physical violence.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn53" name="_ftnref53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[53]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0mm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>UNIFIL II in the field: <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">19-
<i>Controversial start</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
arrival of 'robust' UNIFIL units coincided with growing suspicions among most Southern
Lebanese. It was seen as a NATO tool to disarm the 'Resistance' under the
umbrella of UN peace mission. Suspicions increased when the new robust UNIFIL
troops – particularly those from the Spanish and French contingents – appeared
overly militant, aggressive and disrespectful to the locals. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">During
2006 and 2007, most of the locals refused to engage with UNIFILII largely due
to the outstanding mistrust and the statements made by Western leaders, such as
German Chancellor Angela Merkel's proclamation that "UNIFIL was there to
defend Israel"</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn54" name="_ftnref54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[54]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
The EU political statements joined with the UNIFIL Force commander General
Alain Pellegrini statements</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn55" name="_ftnref55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[55]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
made it impossible for the Lebanese to trust the new forces. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0mm;"><strong><span style="mso-bidi-language: AR-LB;">20- Contrary to the aforementioned statements,
the Secretary General Kofi Annan has been quoted to say; "If, for example,
combatants, or those illicitly moving weapons, forcibly resist a demand from
them, or from the Lebanese Army, to disarm, then armed force could be used".
He added, however, that disarming Hezbollah "is not going to be done by
force....The expanded peacekeeping force's mandate is to support the Lebanese
Army in enforcing the resolutions. But disarmament of Hezbollah "has to be
achieved through negotiation, and an internal Lebanese consensus, a political process,
for which the new UNIFIL is not, and cannot be, a substitute".</span></strong><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn56" name="_ftnref56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-language: AR-LB;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-LB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[56]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><strong><span style="mso-bidi-language: AR-LB;"> </span></strong><span style="mso-bidi-language: AR-LB;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">21- <i>Threats
to UNIFIL II</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In the months
after the 2006 war, Ayman al-Zawahri (One of Al Qaeda's leaders) called for
Sunni extremists in Lebanon to take up arms against UN peacekeepers.</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn57" name="_ftnref57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[57]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
The first attack came in June 2007 and six members of the Spanish battalion
were killed when their armored personnel carrier was struck by a powerful and
sophisticated car bomb.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">- Another small
attack few weeks later involving a stick of dynamite detonated beside Tanzanian
military police at the Qasmiyah Bridge north of Tyre. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">- Two other
attacks planned for the Abbassiyeh area near Tyre never materialized and
another targeting UNIFIL soldiers on Tyre beach failed. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">- Jan. 8, 2008,
a road side bomb exploded on the coastal highway near Rmeileh beside a jeep
carrying Irish soldiers, lightly wounding two of them. The bombing came less
than two weeks after Al-Qaeda head Osama bin Laden threatened both UNIFIL
troops and Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah in a recording released 29
December 2007.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">- <i>September
2009, the Lebanese Permanent Military Court indicted five Palestinians related
the Fatah el Islam (a Radical group affiliated with al- Qaeda) for their role
in the Irish bomb attack and other terrorist-related activities.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">- May 2011:
unclaimed bomb blast on the southern coastal highway near Rmeileh wounded six
Italian peacekeepers and two civilians. A week before the attack, the Lebanese
Army caught a radical militant planning to fire rockets from a place near
Hasbaya, just outside UNIFIL's area of operations. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">22-<i> Criticism</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even though UNIFIL II has been praised for
more powerful (RoE), its performance has not been without criticism, and it has
received the same accusations of incompetency as the preceding UNIFIL I troops,
in addition to accusations of unilateral widening of ( RoE) and acting
independently of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>LAF which led to
tensions with the local population.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Most of the criticisms
of inefficiency are due to the violations of 1701, especially UNIFIL II
inability to stop the continuous daily Israeli violations of Lebanese airspace,</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn58" name="_ftnref58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[58]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
plus Israeli occupation of Lebanese territories. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">23
-<i>Tensions with the locals</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: windowtext;">UNIFILII
generally enjoyed full freedom of movement throughout its area of operations. However,
on many occasions, it encountered tensions with the civilians and have been
prevented from freedom of movement in its area of deployment (Sector West and
Sector East).<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn59" name="_ftnref59" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn59;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[59]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Following
tensions and skirmishes between UNIFIL troops and some local villagers, former
Force Commander Major-General Alberto Asarta Cuevas addressed the people of
south Lebanon in an open letter on 08 July 2010, promising them to be more
careful and assuring that there are no hidden national agendas for the
contingents.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">During
the whole nine years (2006-2015),<span style="background: white;"> series of
standoffs and clashes erupted between UNIFILII troops and Lebanese villagers in
the border region:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Villagers accused
French peacekeepers of offensive and disturbing patrols, driving heavy vehicles
causing damages to the roads, and of taking pictures of people inside their
homes. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">- People of Marjayoun, accused the French regiments of
driving their heavy vehicles through their two-month-old tobacco fields, destroying
their only means of economic support. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">- </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">July 2010: <span style="background: white;">Failing
to coordinate with the Lebanese Army, the French contingent decided to carry
out exercises unilaterally. </span>Residents in 22 villages in the South took
to the streets, blocked roads and attacked French troops with stones<span style="background: white;">. French soldiers fired against the angry civilians,
who smashed the vehicles' windows by stones and wounded the French commander.
French troops were forcibly disarmed by the villagers, and weapons were then
handed over to the Lebanese Army. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
<i>Tensions due to aggressive driving and high speed car accidents</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
locals accuse UNIFIL drivers of high speed driving inside the villages. <i>The
high rate of UNIFIL II car accidents proves the accuracy of these accusations.</i></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn60" name="_ftnref60" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn60;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[60]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></i></span></a><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Even<i>
</i>the internal audit of UNIFIL ground transport on June 2009, proved that; "The
Mission had a high rate of accidents as compared to the previous year, with
nearly 70 per cent accidents caused by UN drivers' fault"</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn61" name="_ftnref61" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn61;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[61]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1><a name="_Toc429924754"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Part III- Findings and Evaluation</span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc429924754;"></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
author conducted surveys in Sector East of UNIFILII deployment from 15- 25 August
2015. The Eastern Sector was chosen because it has heterogeneous population,
i.e. Shiaa Muslims, Christians, Druze, and Sunni Muslims. However, the Western
Sector is mainly inhabited by Shiaa; where the total majority is supporters of
Hezbollah, and their perspectives maybe different from those of other religions
and sects in Lebanon.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Taking
in consideration the percentages of Muslims and Christians in the Sector, the
survey is categorized as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 39.15pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span>60</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span> %
Muslims (Druze, Sunni and Shiaa);<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 39.15pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA"><span dir="RTL"></span>0</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>% Christians.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
no. of respondents is 150, categorized by age as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 38.5pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">37 % of them are
between 40 and 60 years of age, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 38.5pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">25 % are between
26 and 40 years, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 38.5pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">20 % are above
60, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 38.5pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">18% are between
15 and 25.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1-
Are you satisfied with the UNIFIL's role in providing security?<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">72
% of the respondents said NO, they are not satisfied, while 23 % said YES, they
are satisfied, 5 % with no answer.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">This
shows that Lebanese locals feel that UNIFIL II has not been successful in its
mission in providing security.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2-
In an open question: Name is the provider of security, in your opinion?<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(57%) of the respondents said Hezbollah is the
provider of security, UNIFIL alone (3%) and UNIFIL + LAF (40%).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">These
answers are in accordance with common trends in Lebanon that 'Hezbollah is the
provider of Security against ISIS threats' even among non- Shiaa. A survey
conducted among Christians in Lebanon on Oct. 2014, revealed that "Two-thirds
of Lebanon's Christians believe Hezbollah is protecting Lebanon from the threat
of terrorists (extremist groups), and when asked about replacing Hezbollah
fighters with UN peacekeepers on Lebanon's eastern borders with Syria, to
counter attacks by extremist groups, 58 % of those surveyed said they are
against it"</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn62" name="_ftnref62" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn62;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[62]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3-
<b>Are you satisfied with the UNIFIL's role in keeping peace?<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">55
% said they are satisfied, while 40% are not satisfied, 5% with no answer.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mainly,
the Christian, Sunni and Druze perceptions have high positive results.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Analyzing
the results of questions (1, 2, and 3), we find:<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Locals'
perceptions about security are different from those of Peace. That means UNIFILII
has succeeded in conflict management and mediation, but is still seen as ineffective,
powerless force despite all the heavy arms and powerful NATO troops. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">These
perceptions of weakness and inability are commonly shared by all religious
groups in Lebanon. Those are due to UNIFIL's inability to deter Israeli confrontations.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Major local
references to UNIFIL's powerless position refer - as example- to the passive
reaction of UNIFIL when a Spanish observer was killed on January 28, 2015 by
mortar rounds fired by Israeli forces</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn63" name="_ftnref63" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn63;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[63]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>People say that the force didn't react
or release any statement even the UNIFIL officers were convinced that Israel
deliberately targeted one of their positions</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn64" name="_ftnref64" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn64;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[64]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
UNIFIL didn't even release the outcome of the investigative report, which was
leaked later on, and it revealed that "UN position was clearly targeted".</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn65" name="_ftnref65" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn65;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[65]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The reason
behind the negative results concerning security issue can be effectively
described by a statement quoted from one of the respondents "if they can't
protect or defend themselves against the Israelis, how can they provide
security for us?"</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn66" name="_ftnref66" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn66;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[66]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4-
Have you ever benefited from UNIFIL Services?<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yes (23%) - 77% No.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It means only 23% of the total respondents
said that they have benefited, while 77% didn't.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">It
means that the affirmative votes and the positive perceptions about peace
(question 2) have nothing to do with the humanitarian aid, or personal benefits
of the respondents.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mr.
Andrea Tenenti, UNIFIL spokesperson, refers this low percentage "<i>to the
fact the projects are mainly public projects. UNIFIL is doing projects
everywhere in the villages, like building schools, providing generators or
rebuilding roads etc... So the question may have emphasized on personal
benefits and this is not the case of UNIFIL projects in the South".</i></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn67" name="_ftnref67" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn67;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[67]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4-
Do you think that UNIFIL is impartial between Lebanon and Israel, when there are
security violations?<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">65
% said NO, 30 % said yes, and 5 % with no answer.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">It
means the Lebanese perceptions towards UNIFIL's impartiality are negative. They
see UNIFILII is biased and partial in favor of Israel</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn68" name="_ftnref68" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn68;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[68]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mr.
Tenenti, says that this maybe also the case on the other side of the border "<i>when
we go to Israel, they accuse us that UN is always blaming Israel". </i>He
finds<i> "these accusations on both sides of the borders are the outcome
of the Mediation role of UNIFIL. Mediation obliges you to be very neutral, and
this is sometimes perceived as a bias".</i></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn69" name="_ftnref69" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn69;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[69]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></i></span></a><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5-
Do you think that UNIFIL can stop Israeli violations?<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">91%
said NO, while 7 % said yes, and 2% have no answer. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In
general, these negative Lebanese perceptions are not surprising. There is a common
general conviction in Lebanon that UN in general is incapable of preventing
Israeli violations to international law, and particularly to 1701. This
conviction has been derived from the UNIFIL long history in Lebanon, the
continuous daily Israeli violations of 1701, and the Israeli shelling of
Spanish Supervision base.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6-
Do you think that UNIFIL treat the locals equally?<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">40%
of the respondents said YES, while 45% said NO they don't treat the southern
equally, and 15% had no answer.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><i><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Those
who said that there is discrimination</span></u></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> refer it to:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 38.5pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Religious reasons,
saying that UNIFILII discriminate between Christian and Muslim villages.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 38.5pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Political
affiliations: they believe that NATO contingents apply independent national
agendas, and discriminate against people in accordance to political
affiliations i.e. they prefer Christians, Sunnis and Druze because Shiaa are
supporters of Hezbollah</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn70" name="_ftnref70" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn70;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[70]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UNIFIL
spokesperson, Mr. Tenenti, claims that the positive perceptions should be
higher than that. He says; "<i>In the past, the negative perceptions were
high but this has changed after the UNIFIL new strategies. Things were done in
the past differently, especially in terms of transparency. Now, we are hiring
personnel from all villages, we give opportunities to all of them, and projects
are distributed equally between villages. There is a committee in the
organization decides the priorities, and the local municipalities request their
needs. Thousands of projects have been distributed equally between villages in
both sectors; east and west</i>".</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn71" name="_ftnref71" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn71;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[71]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">About
the claims of independent national agendas of NATO troops, He said "we<i>
work for UN not for our national countries; therefore there are no independent
national agendas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was important to be
clear from the beginning that we are here to implement the UN agenda not the
national ones. Even it is your money, but you should spend it on UN projects
and under UN umbrella</i>".<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7-
Which contingent do you trust? (In the East Sector):<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">French:
5 %<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Spanish:
49%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">India:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Indonesia:
31%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">No
answer: 11%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Of
those who had answers:<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Christians</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
85% of Christian respondents said they trust the Spanish contingent the most,
15% of them trust the Indonesian force, 0% for the French, and 0% for the
Indians.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Muslims</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
50% trust the Indonesian force, 31% trust the Spanish, and 11% trust the
French, 8% trust the Indians.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9-
Overall, How do you evaluate the UNIFIL role in the South?<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Positive:
70%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Negative:
25%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">No
answer: 5%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Of
those who had answers:<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Christians</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
87% had positive perceptions, while 13% had negative perceptions.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Muslims</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
64% had positive perceptions, while 36% had negative perceptions.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 252.75pt; visibility: visible; width: 433.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\Lenovo\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.png">
<o:lock aspectratio="f" v:ext="edit">
</o:lock></v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Analyzing
answers in (7, 8, and 9), we can realize the following: <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 38.3pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Overall, All
Southern Lebanese of different backgrounds, sects and religions have positive
perceptions towards UNIFIL major role in the South.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 38.3pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Trust and
positive perceptions vary according to the religious affiliation of the
Respondents.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 38.3pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Trust given to
the contingents, differs according to the nationality of the troops.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 38.3pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Religion which
is almost the dominant variable in Lebanon doesn't seem the dominant one in the
Lebanese perceptions towards UNIFIL. If the religion was the dominant variable,
Christians should have trusted both the French and the Spanish and not the
Indonesians (Muslims).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 38.3pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Noting that 77%
of the respondents didn't benefit from UNIFIL services, it means that either
the political opinions (suspicious of EU/ NATO agendas) or the behavior of the
troops are the dominant variables in the trust given to the contingents. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UNIFIL
I: the Nostalgia<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In
open discussions with the locals, people talked about their shared memories
with UNIFIL I, and drew some comparisons between UNIFIL I and UNIFIL II, here
are some:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">- Old UNIFIL
patrols were friendly, but newer patrols have a colder and aggressive
appearance.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">- UNIFIL I
soldiers were part of our families, while the new ones are almost terrified and
drive quickly through villages.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>UNIFILI became one with the land; they were
our only means to survive through decades of occupation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">- They (UNIFIL
I) provided compassion and assistance to people who had long been ignored by
the Lebanese State.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Love has no borders: we had many love stories with the soldiers. We counted around
60 marriages with Norwegian soldiers.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
They helped me building the orphanage, without them the orphans couldn't
survive.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
They defended us; they sacrificed their lives for us.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a name="_Toc429924755">Concluding Remarks</a>
<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h2><a name="_Toc429924756"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">A- UNIFIL II: a Chapter VI or VII mission?</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The introduction
of the UNIFIL II as a peacekeeping force under Chapter VI or as a Chapter VI
activity has been disputed: <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a- The 'Security
Council Special Research Report' about Resolution 1701 stated clearly "although
the Resolution does not explicitly mention Chapter VII, 1701 was clearly
adopted by the Council using Chapter VII powers... [UNIFIL] was given an
enforcement mandate with strong (RoE). The concept of operations is also very
innovative as are the arguments for command and control".</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn72" name="_ftnref72" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[72]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
final text of the resolution 1701 remained vague in many key passages and left some
remnants of 5th August draft text which implied the embedding of Chapter VII
intentions. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In
the final preamble paragraph of the resolution, the following statement was added:
"determining that the situation in Lebanon constitutes a threat to international
peace and security." This statement refers directly to the Chapter VII
logic, and not that of Chapter VI, which is concerned with the "Pacific
settlement of disputes."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Besides,
"Security Council resolutions which authorize the use of force never
specifically mention it, they usually mandate a mission simply asked to use 'all
necessary means' to accomplish its mandate, and refrain from specifying in
advance the appropriate level of force to be used".</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn73" name="_ftnref73" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn73;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[73]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
By the same way, The SC resolution 1701 "<i>authorizes</i> UNIFIL to take
all necessary action in areas of deployment of its forces and as it deems
within its capabilities..."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b-
On the contrary, those who refer to the UNIFILII as a peacekeeping force under
the authorization of Chapter VI, base their argument that UNIFILII has been
granted the consent of the parties, i.e. Lebanon, Israel and even Hezbollah
which was - and still- a part of the government which gave its consent to the
robust UNIFIL.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Besides, The use
of force and its new (RoE) are robust in the sense that the authority to use
force remains based on the principle of self-defence. For all other situations,
UNIFIL cannot use force, or behave without coordination with LAF who take the
lead</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn74" name="_ftnref74" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn74;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[74]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
UNIFIL official spokesperson ensures "<i>our mission is a chapter VI
mission, even though we have wide RoE. There is no need for peace enforcement
at this time. Definitely, we are a peacekeeping mission; there is nothing like
VI and half. Either it is VI or VII; we are - definitely- not a peace
enforcement mission. We have heavy equipment. It is not used, but it is a kind
of deterrent." </i>He adds<i> "UNSC resolution 1701 is completely
under chapter VI of the Security Council. The Mission is here at the invitation
of the Lebanese Government and all our activities are carried out in close
partnership and coordination with the LAF</i>".<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2><a name="_Toc429924757"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">B- UNIFIL II: Peacekeeping or peace enforcement mission?</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
aforementioned divergent views for the interpretation of UNSC 1701 and the
UNIFIL II mandate were dominant between different contingents before and during
their deployment in Lebanon in the post-war era</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn75" name="_ftnref75" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn75;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[75]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Some
of the EU contingents in UNIFILII came with aggressive attitudes and broad
interpretation for the resolution 1701 and its RoE. Many had been a part of the
NATO coalition of the War in Iraq and Afghanistan, and tried to exercise the
same measures. Different attitudes and measures have been applied by smaller contingents
and the culturally more aware EU contingents like the Italians. Those
interpreted their mission as a peacekeeping mission and established close ties
with villagers; offering humanitarian services. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nonetheless,
within few months, UNIFILII had been threatened by Al Qaeda. Their commanders
took the threats very seriously, and soon they discovered that they do not have
the necessary intelligence resources to protect the troops.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn76" name="_ftnref76" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn76;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[76]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
It was evident that the UN forces cannot face these challenges without good
relationships with the local communities. It was obvious also that Hezbollah's cooperation
and its extensive intelligence repertoire in the South are necessary to
ensuring<i> </i>UNIFIL's<i> </i>security and preventing future terrorist
attacks against it.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The former
UNIFILI spokesperson, Timur Göksel, describes the new situation; "<i>The
new UNIFIL caught on quickly to the realities of peacekeeping in South Lebanon
and realized that more than a combat force, they were supposed to be a conflict
management tool with heavy emphasis on winning the hearts and minds of the
population; and that good relations with the people would also be key to force
protection because true, useful intelligence information would come from them</i>"</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn77" name="_ftnref77" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn77;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[77]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Since then,
UNIFIL II established open channels of communication with the local population,
forged better relations with the local political leadership and municipalities,
which of course included Hezbollah members or supporters.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn78" name="_ftnref78" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn78;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[78]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In time, French
and Spanish contingents eased their aggressive postures, and substituted heavy
vehicles with smaller unaggressive ones. Göksel says with some bitterness "<i>The
UN, which had given the original UNIFIL humanitarian missions with a zero
dollar budget, also contributed money and personnel for quick impact projects</i>".
He adds "<i>Soon, the mood in South Lebanon began to change and the people
began to rely more and more on UNIFIL and the Lebanese Army for their needs.
Even Israel noticed that change in South Lebanon would lower the levels of
hostilities and eased back its perennial efforts to intimidate UNIFIL into
serving its own interests</i>".</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn79" name="_ftnref79" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn79;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[79]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">It was clear for
UNIFIL II that if they want to be secure and if they want to maintain their
security and succeed in their mission, they should stick to the narrow interpretation
of Resolution 1701 and do not adopt any proactive positions of an enforcement
mission. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">This drives us
to a conclusion that" the robust UNIFIL II had been given - literally in
UNSC resolution 1701- an enforcement mandate, but it is actually applying just
peacekeeping roles. UNIFIL II moved away from explicit peace enforcement type
activities towards, a more humble UNIFIL I style.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
UNIFIL spokesperson, Mr. Tenenti, confirms this conclusion;<i> "the
reality was clear from the beginning the role if the mission is not to disarm
Hezbollah. Our mandate is to ensure that there is no entry for weapons in our
area. We are not in charge of the south, it is LAF. We are here to support
them, help them but at the end it is their duty".<o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0mm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<h2><a name="_Toc429924758"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">C- UNFIL: an evaluation</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dennis Jett
notes that there is disagreement among the various experts in defining the
factors by which to evaluate a peacekeeping mission. He cites four criteria for
assessing the success or failure of a peacekeeping mission, proposed by Duane
Bratt in his book <i>assessing the Success of</i> <i>UN Peacekeeping Operations:</i>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a- Completion of
the mandate, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b- Facilitation
of conflict resolution, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c- Containment
of the conflict and <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">d- Limitation of
casualties. </span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn80" name="_ftnref80" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn80;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[80]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UNIFIL I<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In accordance to
the aforementioned criteria, UNIFIL 1 has failed. However, it was obvious from
the beginning that UNIFIL's mission was impossible to achieve:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1-
It couldn't get the consent of the parties. Israel, PLO, and De- facto forces
didn't welcome the deployment of UNIFIL and criticized Resolution 425.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2-
It was a lightly armed force stuck in the middle of the conflict, where heavily
armed forces and undisciplined militias fight each other.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3-
A force with minimum budget and little political international support.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Timor
Goksel was absolutely right when he said" <i>That UNIFIL, despite its
unworkable mandate and with no political support except for a small group of
dedicated UN bureaucrats, turned out to be a resilient force that held its
ground despite suffering more than 100 fatalities killed in action (out of 250
total fatalities) was an achievement in its own right. The real and rarely
noticed success story however is how this force became a part of the land, how
it established close links with the ignored people who had no state services
whatsoever, gained their gratitude, enabled them to rebuild their lives and
helped to transform an abandoned landscape into a thriving, secure region
during the 1990s</i>".</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn81" name="_ftnref81" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn81;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[81]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UNIFIL
II<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The success of a
peacekeeping mission is directly proportional to the level its effectiveness in
the force's commitment to the mandate, gaining mutual trust with the locals,
and cooperation of the parties to the conflict: the stronger those elements,
the greater the success. In these dimensions, UNIFIL II is proving to be
successful in facilitation of conflict resolution, containment of the conflict,
cooperation and trust- building with the parties, and providing humanitarian services
to the locals.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hence,
We can categorize three successful areas:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a- UNIFILII as a
Buffer zone between the parties<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Militarily
speaking, UNIFILII is in no position to stop the IDF in case of a new invasion,
or prevent Israeli incursions into Lebanese airspace which occur on a daily
basis. However, in the main time, UNIFILII shields both conflict parties from
each other. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UNIFIL II
presence serves both sides: From a Lebanese perspective, it constitutes extra power
to aid LAF in monitoring the border and enhancing the official authority in the
South. From an Israeli perspective, it is useful as a means to limit the
freedom of movement of Hezbollah. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b- UNIFILII as a
conflict management tool<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The second
dimension of UNIFIL's success is its role as a mediator between the LAF and the
IDF. Periodically, UNIFIL II hosts - in no men's land- tripartite meetings
between LAF and IDF to address military-strategic issues. Furthermore, a set of
UNIFIL liaison officers mediate the small day-to-day confrontations between
both sides. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Such meetings
and liaison work serve both as a confidence-building tool and as a way to
prevent small incidents from developing into potential conflict. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c- UNIFILII as
an economic mobilizer<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Through its
CIMIC activities, humanitarian projects, and hiring local personnel, UNIFILII
has developed to be into an important mobilizer to the local economy. The
economic dynamics and supporting the local population in their basic needs
proved to have political, military, and security outcomes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2><a name="_Toc429924759"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">D- UNIFIL: Impartiality vs. credibility</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In his report,
Brahimi urged the peacekeeping missions to develop the impartiality norm. He
was clear in his invitation to change the previous practices, "No failure
did more to damage the standing and credibility of United Nations peacekeeping
in the 1990s than its reluctance to distinguish victim from aggressor". </span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn82" name="_ftnref82" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn82;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[82]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">However, Brahimi
forgot that distinguishing the victim from the aggressor is sometimes biased.
States tend to define the causal story of the conflict based on their
interests. They usually view conflicts </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">from their own point of view rather than the perceptions of
those involved. Hezbollah for example, is seen as a resistance by the majority
of the Lebanese, However, regarded as a terrorist group by US and EU. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Big powers usually have tendency to side with one of the
parties, and this was obvious in the 5th of August draft of 1701. All these
undermine the cornerstone of peacekeeping, i.e. impartiality.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In Lebanon, the Multinational Peace mission in the Eighties
has been seen as partial, and this lead to a disaster for the peace mission
troops. Thus, it is very important for a UNIFIL to keep its image of impartiality;
otherwise it would undermine its legitimacy, and lose the consent of one or
more parties.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The problem is how to combine seeking for impartiality
image, and gaining the credibility of the local population at the same time. As
we noticed in the results of the surveys, that the locals are not satisfied
with the UNIFIL II role in providing security, besides they didn't recognize
UNIFIL II as impartial.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UNIFIL had been caught in
the middle of this dilemma for many years, Mr. Teneneti describes it as follows<i>
"legitimacy can be gained on behalf of credibility. You gain legitimacy
from impartiality but you tend to lose your credibility. Sometimes it is
frustrating if you cannot say who is the oppressor and who is the victim, but
how can you go to a tripartite meeting if one of the parties doesn't accept you
as impartial. So, credibility sometimes is the price".<b> </b><o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As the Capstone
Doctrine assures, "</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The deployment of a peacekeeping mission
generates high expectations among the local population regarding its ability to
meet their most pressing needs. The ability to manage these expectations
throughout the life of a peacekeeping operation affects the overall credibility
of the mission. Credibility, once lost, is hard to regain. A mission with low
credibility becomes marginalized and ineffective. Its activities may begin to
be perceived as having weak or frayed legitimacy and consent may be eroded"</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftn83" name="_ftnref83" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn83;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[83]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
In accordance with these important and useful instructions, UNIFIL II should do
more to break the ice with the locals, to build trust, and gain more legitimacy
and credibility.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1><a name="_Toc429924760"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Recommendations</span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc429924760;"></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1- UNIFILII
Troops should work on their fear, and most of all, they shouldn't appear
terrified. A terrified soldier cannot provide the local civilians a sense of
security and stability.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2- UNIFILII
should improve its outreach strategy, and develop better communications with
the locals, and try to win the hearts and minds of diverse communities in the
South.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3- UNIFIL's
impartiality has been questioned by the Lebanese, and their credibility is at
stake also. UNIFIL II is in need to develop its impartiality, and try to gain
more credibility.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4- "More
doesn't mean better": UNIFILII consists of 39 contingents, however this
rainbow of forces, which have different military cultures and different agendas,
make it less effective.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5- UNIFIL II
shouldn't only rely on the positive perceptions of some religious sects or some
political parties in Lebanon; they should work on to gain the support of the
whole spectrum of different religions in the South.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6- National contingents
must minimize the rotations of the soldiers: It has been noticed that the
rotation of the troops is preventing soldiers from promoting better relations
with the locals. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The new comers
always need time to understand the cultural diversities and adapt with the new
environment.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7- Pre-deployment
trainings and workshops should be adopted to introduce new officers and
soldiers to the coming challenges, facilitate their understanding of the
mission and the environment, as well as increasing their cultural awareness.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;"><a name="_Toc429924761"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Selected Bibliography</span></i></a><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></i></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Abu-Lughod Ibrahim and Eqbal
Ahmad, "The 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon: the causalities" in <b>The
Invasion of Lebanon</b>, Race & Class, Volume XXIV, Spring 1983, Nº 4.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Alexandrov
Stanimir A., <b>Self-Defense Against the Use of Force in International Law</b><i>,
</i>Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 1996.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Aspects
and Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations,</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> A/55/305-S/2000/809, 21
Aug.2000.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Asseburg Muriel, "UN
Resolution 1701, UNIFIL 2, and the 'New Greater Middle East Project': A German
Perspective" in <b>UN Resolution 1701: Horizons and Challenges</b>,
Cultural Movement-Antelias & Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Beirut, February
2007.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Audit
Report, <b>UNIFIL Ground Transport, Internal Audit Division</b>, Assignment No.
AP2OO8/672O5, 10 June 2OO9, Available at:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Baczkowski
Ronald F., <b>Tactical Lessons for Peacekeeping: U.S. Multinational Force in
Beirut 1982-1984</b>, http://www.globalsecurity.org/
military/library/report/1995/BRF.htm [accessed Aug. 21, 2015].<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Director
General Land Warfare, United Kingdom, <b>Army Field Manual: Wider Peacekeepin</b><i>g.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Findlay Trevor, <b>the
Use of Force in UN Peace Operations</b>, Oxford University Press for SIPRI,
Oxford, 2002.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ghali
Boutros B., <b>Agenda for Peace,</b><i> </i>2nd ed. with Supplement and related
UN documents, UN Department of Public Information, New York, 1995.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Göksel Timur, UNIFIL –
Peacekeepers in the Line of Fire,<i> in </i><b>Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung - Middle
East Office</b>, 2007.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Goulding Marrack, 'The evolution
of United Nations peacekeeping', in <b>International Affairs</b>, vol. 69, no.
3, 1993.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Haass
Richard, <b>Intervention: The Use of American Military Force in the Post-Cold
War World</b><i>, </i>Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington,
DC, 1994.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>http://www.rand.org/pubs/conf_proceedings/CF129/CF-129.chapter6.html
[accessed Aug. 21, 2015]; <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jett Dennis C., <b>Why
Peacekeeping Fails</b>, Palgrave Macmillan, USA, 2001.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kelly
John H., "<b>Lebanon: 1982-1984</b>," available at:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Makdissi karim, Goksel Timor and
al., <b>UNIFIL II: Emerging and Evolving European Engagement in Lebanon and the
Middle East</b>, EUROMESCO, paper 76, 2009.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Mattelaer Alexander, <b>Europe
Rediscovers Peacekeeping? Political And Military Logics In The 2006 UNIFIL
Enhancement</b>, Egmont Paper 34, October 2009.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Moskos Charles<b>, Peace
Soldiers: The Sociology of a United Nations Military Force</b><i>, </i>University
of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1976.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Picard Elizabeth<b>, Lebanon: A
Shattered Country</b>, Holmes & Meier, New York, 2002.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Report
of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations, chaired by Ambassador Lakhdar
Brahimi (Algeria), transmitted to the Secretary</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">‐</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">General on 17 August 2000. UN
Doc. A/55/305</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">‐</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">S/2000/809. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Report of the Secretary-General
on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1701 (2006)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt;">Report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of
Security Council resolution 1701 (2006); Reporting period from 27 June to 5
November 2014<b>,</b> S/2014/784.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Report
of the Secretary</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">‐</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">General, <b>Implementation of the Recommendations of
the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations</b>, UN Doc. A/60/640 (2005). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Report: <b>Old Games, New Rules:
Conflict on the Israel-Lebanon Border</b>", ICG Middle East Report Nº 7,
18 Nov. 2002.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Reporting period from 28 February
2015 to 26 June 2015. S/2015/475.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Secretary General Statement on UN
Operations in Congo before the General Assembly, 17 October 1960.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Special
Research Report, Special Research Report No. 6: Resolution 1701, paragraph 7.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Stahn Carsten and Henning Melber,
<b>Peace Diplomacy, Global Justice and International Agency: Rethinking Human
Security and Ethics in the Spirit of Dag Hammarskjöld</b>, Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, 2014.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tharoor Shashi, 'Should UN peacekeeping go "back
to basics'" in <b><i>Survival</i></b>, vol. 37, no. 4, winter 1995/96. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">The report of the
Secretary-General of 19 March 1978 (S/12611) confirmed by resolution 426 (1978).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">UN Department of Peacekeeping
Operations (DPKO), <b>United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and
Guidelines</b> (Capstone Doctrine), March 2008.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">UN
document S/11052/Rev. 1, 27 Oct. 1973.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">United Nations,
Principles of UN peacekeeping.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">United
Nations, Report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of Security
Council resolution 340, 1973.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">United Nations, <b>The Blue
Helmets: A Review of United Nations Peace-keeping</b>, 2nd ed., New York, 1990.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">United
States Army, <b>Field Manual 100-23, Peace Operation</b><i>, </i>December 1994.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Urquhart Brian, <b>A Life in
Peace and War</b><i>,</i> Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1987.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Urquhart Sir Brian, The Origins
of UNIFIL, in <b>"Al- Janoub" Magazine</b>, UNIFIL Office of Public
Information, 2008.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Warbrick C., Current
developments: public international law, in <b>International and Comparative Law
Quarterly,</b> vol. 43, Oct. 1994.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Quoted in : Carsten Stahn and
Henning Melber, <b>Peace Diplomacy, Global Justice and International Agency:
Rethinking Human Security and Ethics in the Spirit of Dag Hammarskjöld</b>,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2014, p. 148.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> ibid, p. 149<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Secretary General<span style="color: black;"> Statement on UN Operations in Congo before the General
Assembly, 17 October 1960.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="color: black;">Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations,
chaired by Ambassador Lakhdar Brahimi (Algeria), transmitted to the Secretary</span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">‐</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">General
on 17 August 2000. UN Doc. A/55/305</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">‐</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">S/2000/809. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="color: black;">Report of the Secretary</span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">‐</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">General,
<b>Implementation of the Recommendations of the Special Committee on
Peacekeeping Operations</b>, UN Doc. A/60/640 (2005). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> UN Department of Peacekeeping
Operations (DPKO), <b>United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and
Guidelines</b> (Capstone Doctrine), March 2008, p. 13.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> United Nations,
<b>The Blue Helmets: A Review of United Nations Peace-keeping</b>, 2nd ed., New
York, 1990, p. 4.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> ibid, p.5<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> United Nations, Principles of UN
peacekeeping, available at:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/operations/principles.shtml#impartiality
[accessed 9 September 2015].<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Shashi Tharoor,
‘Should UN peacekeeping go “back to basics’” in <b><i>Survival</i></b>, vol.
37, no. 4, winter 1995/96, p.58. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Charles Moskos<b>, Peace Soldiers: The
Sociology of a United Nations Military Force</b><i>, </i>University of Chicago
Press, Chicago, 1976, p. 3.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpFirst"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Trevor Findlay, <b>the Use of
Force in UN Peace Operations</b>, Oxford University Press for SIPRI, Oxford,
2002, p.3.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> United Nations, Principles of UN
peacekeeping, available at:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/operations/principles.shtml#impartiality
[accessed 9 September 2015].<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Trevor Findlay, op.cit, p.4<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpLast"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> ibid, p.4.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Sir Brian
Urquhart is the former UN Under Secretary-General for Special Political Tasks; <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Brian
Urquhart, <b>A Life in Peace and War</b><i>,</i> Weidenfeld & Nicolson,
London, 1987, pp. 178–179.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Quoted in:
Trevor Findlay, op.cit, p.15.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Stanimir A. Alexandrov, <b>Self-Defense
Against the Use of Force in International Law</b><i>, </i>Kluwer Law
International, The Hague, 1996, pp. 5–6. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Findlay, op.cit, p. 16.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Goulding notes that the 1973
change was in the direction of a wide definition of “self-defence”:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Marrack
Goulding, ‘The evolution of United Nations peacekeeping’, in <b>International
Affairs</b>, vol. 69, no. 3<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1993, p. 455.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> United Nations,
Report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of Security Council
resolution 340, 1973, UN document S/11052/Rev. 1, 27 Oct. 1973.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Findlay, op.cit, p. 5.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Principles of UN peacekeeping,
available at:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/operations/principles.shtml
[accessed 8Sept. 2015].<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Findlay,
op.cit, 376.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Capstone doctrine, op. cit,
p.18.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Boutros B.
Ghali, <b>Agenda for Peace,</b><i> </i>2nd ed. with Supplement and related UN
documents , UN<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Department
of Public Information, New York, 1995, pp. 56-57.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Director
General Land Warfare, United Kingdom, <b>Army Field Manual: Wider Peacekeepin</b><i>g,
</i>1994<i>,</i> pp. 1-2.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> United States
Army, <b>Field Manual 100-23, Peace Operation</b><i>, </i>December 1994,<i> </i>p.
6.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> United Nations,
<b>Comprehensive Review of the Whole Question of Peacekeeping Operations in All
Their<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Aspects and
Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations,</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
A/55/305-S/2000/809, 21 August<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2000, pp. 10-13. [ Commonly known
as the <i>Brahimi Report</i>]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Principles of UN peacekeeping,
available at:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/operations/principles.shtml
[accessed 8Sept. 2015].<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Sir Brian Urquhart, The Origins
of UNIFIL, in <b>"Al- Janoub" Magazine</b>, UNIFIL Office of Public
Information, special edition, 2008, p.6.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">S/RES/425, the text is available
at:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">http://unscol.unmissions.org/portals/unscol/SC%20Resolutions%20425%20and%20426%20
(1978) %20on%20Lebanon-Israel.pdf [accessed 11 Sept. 2015].<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> The report of the
Secretary-General of 19 March 1978 (S/12611) confirmed by resolution 426
(1978).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[34]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Security Council Report,
available at:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B6D274E9C8CD3CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Chap%20VII%20S%2012611.pdf
[accessed 11 Sept. 2015].<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[35]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[36]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> karim Makdissi, Timor Goksel and
al., <b>UNIFIL II: Emerging and Evolving European Engagement in Lebanon and the
Middle East</b>, EUROMESCO, paper 76, 2009,p.14<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn37" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[37]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ibrahim Abu-Lughod and Eqbal
Ahmad, “The 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon: the causalities” in <b>The
Invasion of Lebanon</b>, Race & Class, Volume XXIV, Spring 1983, Nº 4, pp.
340-342.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn38" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[38]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Richard Haass, <b>Intervention:
The Use of American Military Force in the Post-Cold War World</b><i>, </i>Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace, Washington, DC, 1994, p. 24.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn39" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[39]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> For more
details, see John H. Kelly, “<b>Lebanon: 1982-1984</b>,”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>available at:
http://www.rand.org/pubs/conf_proceedings/CF129/CF-129.chapter6.html<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[accessed<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Aug. 21, 2015]; <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Ronald F. Baczkowski, <b>Tactical
Lessons for Peacekeeping: U.S. Multinational Force in Beirut 1982-1984</b>,
http://www.globalsecurity.org/ military/library/report/1995/BRF.htm [accessed
Aug. 21, 2015].<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn40" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[40]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> A copy of the Taif agreement is
found online at:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">https://www.un.int/lebanon/sites/www.un.int/files/Lebanon/the_taif_agreement_english_version_.pdf
[accessed Aug. 21, 2015].<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn41" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[41]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Security Council, S/1996/337, 7
May 1996, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/62D5AA740C14293B85256324005179BE[accessed
Aug. 21, 2015].<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn42" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[42]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="color: #231f20;">Elizabeth Picard<b>, Lebanon: A Shattered Country</b>,
Holmes & Meier, New York, 2002, p.183.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn43" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[43]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Report:
<b>Old Games, New Rules: Conflict on the Israel-Lebanon Border</b>, ICG Middle
East Report Nº 7, 18 November 2002, pp. 5-6.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn44" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[44]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> UNIFIL Background, available at:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">http://unifil.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid=11554[
accessed 30 August 2015]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn45" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[45]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn46" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[46]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span class="A5"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Hezbollah had, in
fact, succeeded in a similar endeavor in early 2004, when Germany brokered a
“historic prisoner swap” involving two dozen Lebanese and Arabs held in
Israeli prisons, in return for one captured Israeli army reserve officer and
the dead bodies of three other soldiers.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn47" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[47]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="A5"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">By
then, nearly 1,200 Lebanese had been killed and over 4,000 wounded – the vast
majority civilians, and about a third of these children. Moreover, around one
million people in Lebanon had been displaced by the war, 15,000 homes were
destroyed, and the infrastructure throughout the country was severely damaged.</span></span><span class="A9"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></span><span class="A5"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">43
Israeli civilians and 117 Israeli soldiers had been killed, around 300,000
Israeli civilians were displaced, and thousands of homes were damaged in
northern Israel.</span></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn48" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[48]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> These controversial ideas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>were in the 5th of August Draft, however had
been refused by the Lebanese Government:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•
Full implementation of UNSC Resolution 1559, including the disarming of all
armed groups in Lebanon;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•
Unconditional release of Israeli prisoners, while “encouraging the efforts
aimed at resolving the issue of Lebanese prisoners detained in Israel”;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•Deployment
of an “international force” under Chapter VII of the UN Charter to help
implement a “long term solution”;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn49" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[49]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
UNSC resolution 1559 called upon all remaining foreign forces to withdraw from
Lebanon; for the disbanding and disarmament of all Lebanese and non-Lebanese
militias; and Supported the extension of the control of the Government of
Lebanon over all Lebanese territory... The text of the resolution is available
at:</p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">http://www.un.org/press/en/2004/sc8181.doc.htm
[accessed 13 Sept. 2015].</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn50" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[50]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> karim Makdissi, Timor Goksel and
al, op.cit, p. 23.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn51" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref51" name="_ftn51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[51]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Muriel Asseburg, “UN Resolution
1701, UNIFIL 2, and the ‘New Greater Middle East Project’: A German
Perspective” in <b>UN Resolution 1701: Horizons and Challenges</b>, Cultural
Movement-Antelias & Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Beirut, February 2007, p.69.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn52" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref52" name="_ftn52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[52]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> UNIFIL Background, available at:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/unifil/background.shtml
[ accesses 7 Sept. 2015]</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn53" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref53" name="_ftn53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[53]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> UNIFIL Background, online at:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">http://unifil.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid=11553&language=en-US<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn54" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref54" name="_ftn54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[54]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Merkel declared this in her
speech to the Bundestag, Germany's parliament, on Sept. 20, 2006.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn55" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref55" name="_ftn55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[55]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>in an interview in the French daily La Croix on Sept. 14, 2006, General
Alain Pellegrini (UNIFIL commander 2004-2007) said UNIFIL would act on its own
if necessary. "If the (Lebanese army) fails to act, we must assume our
responsibilities as a U.N. force," he said. "Someone will have to
intervene, with all the consequences that this might have for the Lebanese
authorities."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn56" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref56" name="_ftn56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[56]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Craig S. Smith , <b>Europe
Pledges a Larger Force Inside Lebanon</b>, August 26, 2006, available at:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/26/world/middleeast/26force.html?pagewanted=print&_r=0
[ accessed 9 Sept. 2015]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn57" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref57" name="_ftn57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[57]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> On December 20, 2006, Ayman
al-Zawahiri, the second man in al-Qaeda, issued a statement urging his
followers to fight Security Council Resolution 1701 (see <i>Agence France
Presse</i>, December 20, 2006). Later on February 13, 2007, al-Zawahiri issued
a similar audio statement also urging Lebanon's Muslims to reject Security
Council Resolution 1701 (Al Jazeera.net, February 13, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn58" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref58" name="_ftn58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[58]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Report of the Secretary-General
on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1701 (2006)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Reporting
period from 28 February 2015 to 26 June 2015. S/2015/475.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">http://unifil.unmissions.org/Portals/UNIFIL/Repository/N1526196.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn59" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="Default"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref59" name="_ftn59" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn59;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[59]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Report of the
Secretary-General on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1701
(2006); Reporting period from 27 June to 5 November 2014<b>,</b> S/2014/784<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn60" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref60" name="_ftn60" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn60;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[60]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Here are some examples:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>23 Apr 2015: Three members of UNIFIL were
wounded and rushed to hospital as their vehicle hit a wall in Burj Al Moulouk. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">-
Oct. 09, 2014: Two UNIFIL peacekeepers were injured when their car flipped on a
south Lebanon highway. A witness said that the SUV was speeding along the
Sidon-Tyre highway as it drove north when it crashed into a guard rail and
flipped. The vehicle was tossed about 10 meters from the highway.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">-
10 May 2014:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One UNIFIL peacekeeper was
slightly injured during a car accident between his vehicle and a civilian car
on Naqoura highway.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">-
12 April 2014: three Malaysian soldiers were injured after their vehicle
overturned in the southern city of Tyre.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">-
23 Feb 2014: Two UNIFIL soldiers, a Salvadorian and a Spaniard, died on Sunday
when their military vehicle overturned on Wazzani road, while three others were
injured.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">-
Aug 25, 2010: A French UNIFIL soldier died in a road accident, two injured.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- January 2008: People in Marjouin, attacked
Spanish soldiers with stones after they were driving so fast injuring three
school girls.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">-
15 June 2008: A Spanish soldier was killed and two injured in a road accident.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">-
9 March 2007: Three Belgian soldiers were killed in an armored vehicle
accident.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">-
25 September 2006: A French engineer officer was killed in a road accident near
the town of Sofa.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn61" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref61" name="_ftn61" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn61;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[61]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Audit Report, <b>UNIFIL
Ground Transport, Internal Audit Division</b>, Assignment No. AP2OO8/672O5, 10
June 2OO9, Available at:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">usun.state.gov/documents/organization/140754.pdf
[ accessed 8 Sept. 2015]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn62" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref62" name="_ftn62" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn62;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[62]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <b>Two-thirds of Lebanon's
Christians believe Hezbollah is protecting country</b>, October 21, 2014<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/22129
[ accessed 8 Sept. 2015]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn63" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref63" name="_ftn63" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn63;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[63]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Author's personal discussions and interviews with the locals, August 2015.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn64" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref64" name="_ftn64" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn64;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[64]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Nicolas Blanford, UNIFIL suspects Israel deliberately killed peacekeeper, in <b>The
DailyStar</b>, 19 Feb. 2015, available at:</p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2015/Feb-19/287981-unifil-suspects-israel-deliberately-killed-peacekeeper.ashx
[accessed 10 Sept. 2015].</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn65" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref65" name="_ftn65" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn65;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[65]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Corporal Ivan Lopez Sanchez, who was stationed nearby, told investigators that
the UN position was clearly targeted."Every time, they corrected the
trajectory from Majidiye to the 4-28" post, where the UNIFIL peacekeepers
were stationed, he said. Another Spanish soldier, Sergeant Julio Xavier Garcia,
echoed Sanchez, saying the shells initially fell about 500 meters (yards) north
of the UN post and then they "corrected the trajectory towards the
position. A third soldier said fragmentation bombs were used in the attack and
that the shelling finally appeared to target the main watch tower. for more
details:</p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">http://news.yahoo.com/israelis-targeted-un-peacekeepers-lebanon-spanish-report-183855640.html
[accessed 10 Sept. 2015]</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn66" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref66" name="_ftn66" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn66;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[66]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Author's personal interviews with the locals, August 2015.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn67" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref67" name="_ftn67" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn67;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[67]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Personal interview with UNIFIL
spokesperson, on 2 Sept. 2015.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn68" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref68" name="_ftn68" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn68;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[68]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Author's interviews with the locals, August 2015.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn69" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref69" name="_ftn69" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn69;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[69]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Personal interview with UNIFIL
spokesperson, on 2 Sept. 2015.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn70" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref70" name="_ftn70" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn70;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[70]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Author's personal interviews with the locals, August 2015.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn71" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref71" name="_ftn71" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn71;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[71]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Personal interview with UNIFIL
spokesperson, on 2 Sept. 2015</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn72" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<h3 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref72" name="_ftn72" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[72]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal;">Special Research Report, Special Research Report No. 6: Resolution
1701, paragraph 7, available at:<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal;">http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Research%20Report_Res%201701_25%20Sep%2006.pdf
[accessed 9 Sept. 2015]<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
</div>
<div id="ftn73" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref73" name="_ftn73" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn73;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[73]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C. Warbrick, Current developments: public
international law, in <b>International and Comparative Law Quarterly,</b> vol.
43, Oct. 1994, p. 947.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn74" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref74" name="_ftn74" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn74;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[74]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>Alexander
Mattelaer, <b>Europe Rediscovers Peacekeeping?:Political And Military Logics In
The 2006 UNIFIL Enhancement</b>, Egmont Paper 34, <span style="font-family: "BookAntiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: BookAntiqua;">October 2009, p. 19</span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn75" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref75" name="_ftn75" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn75;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[75]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
For more details: Alexander Mattelaer, op.cit, pp. 10-19.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn76" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="Default"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref76" name="_ftn76" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn76;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[76]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Former commander of the UNIFIL mission, French General
Alain Pellegrini, in an interview with Italian newspaper <i>La Republica </i>on
December 20, 2006, said that “the threat issued by al-Qaeda is to be taken
seriously. We have stepped up security measures so as to protect the Blue
Helmets against any attacks.” (See <i>BBC Worldwide Monitoring</i>, December
21, 2006). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpFirst"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-text-raise: 3.0pt; position: relative; top: -3.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">On
December 20, 2006, Italian Foreign Minister Massimo D’Alema warned of a risk of
an attack by al-Qaeda against UNIFIL. “It is right to warn the UN contingent
about the risks, because the risks are real,” he said (see <i>Associated Press</i>,
December 20, 2006). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn77" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref77" name="_ftn77" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn77;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[77]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Timur Göksel, UNIFIL –
Peacekeepers in the Line of Fire,<i> in </i><b>Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung - Middle
East Office</b>, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>August2007,p.4</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn78" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref78" name="_ftn78" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn78;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[78]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> On this issue,
Mr. Tenenti said "<i> we don't talk to political parties, we have
relations with all official bodies; national and local authorities even they
are supporters to Hezbollah. there is no direct relation with Hezbollah".<b><o:p></o:p></b></i></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn79" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref79" name="_ftn79" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn79;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[79]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Timur Göksel, <b>UNIFIL
– Peacekeepers in the Line of Fire</b>, op.cit,<i> </i>p.4.<b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn80" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref80" name="_ftn80" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn80;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[80]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dennis C. Jett, <b>Why Peacekeeping Fails</b>,
Palgrave Macmillan, USA, 2001, p.19.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpFirst"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn81" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpLast"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref81" name="_ftn81" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn81;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[81]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="color: black;">Timur
Göksel,<b> UNIFIL – Peacekeepers in the Line of Fire</b><i>, </i>op.cit,p.3</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn82" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref82" name="_ftn82" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn82;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[82]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Brahimi report
- A/55/305 - S/2000/809, op. cit, (paras. 48-64)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpFirst"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn83" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpLast"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/UNIFIL_%20Paper_Final.docx#_ftnref83" name="_ftn83" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn83;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[83]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Capstone doctrine, op.cit, p.
38.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>Leila Nicolashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13039807238438755745noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6682320621634513985.post-83008762574088863192016-11-21T14:20:00.001+02:002016-11-21T14:31:07.113+02:00Minority Rights In Arab Levant<div class="MsoTocHeading" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc314090546"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Minority Rights In Arab Levant: Between Extremism
And The Envisioned Future Regional System</span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoTocHeading" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Leila Nicolas PhD</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Introduction</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Till now, there
is no internationally agreed definition as to which groups constitute
minorities. The "United Nations Minorities Declaration" refers to
minorities as groups based on national or ethnic, cultural, religious and
linguistic identity, and confirms that States should protect their existence<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. <em><span style="font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<em><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal;">Minorities in Arab Levant, like in all regions of the world
"continue to face serious threats, discrimination and racism, and are
frequently excluded from taking part fully in the economic, political, social
and cultural life available to the majorities in the countries or societies
where they live.”</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><i> </i></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 10pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></i></span></a><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Minorities in
Arab world are not only religious; there are ethnic, linguistic, tribal
minorities forming a mosaic of ethnic, national and religious communities in each
state. The fate of minorities in the Arab region is one of the important
problems that face Arab states since the Arab Uprisings which led to civil wars
and rise of extremism and terrorism. However, this problem is not new; minorities
have been subjected to injustice, discrimination and forced displacements for
more than four or five centuries ago. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nearly a century
after they rose on the ashes of the Ottoman Empire, Arab Levant states have
failed to unite their communities and form nations with common goals and
aspirations. Through all their history, those societies have been torn by
ceaseless internal and external troubles, political and economic
discrimination, revolts, civil wars and military coups. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h1>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc452284818"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Research and
Methodology</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt;">This research seeks to fill the research gap that exists
regarding the perceptions of the minorities towards what has been recalled as
solutions for their crisis after the rise of extremism. Most of the
publications about minorities in the Middle East or the Arab world in general try
to tell about the hard conditions they are living, their status; as well as
their exodus after the massacres done by Jihadists like Al Qaeda, ISIS, Al-
Nusra front and others. Little - if any-
tried to seek how people belonging to minority groups see their future, what
are their aspirations, and which type of political systems they prefer. No one
has ever asked them about their perceptions towards what has been published or
leaked as solutions for the states' crisis in the region.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt;">Who are the
minorities in the Arab Levant? How can we define their collective history?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt;">How did their conditions
change with the continuous developments in the region?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt;">What are their
rights and status in power, constitutions and education in each of the
countries that constitute the Arab Levant? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt;">How do they see their future in the region? And what are
their perceptions towards diverse scenarios and projects, being suggested by global
and regional powers in the region?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt;">Trying to bridge the gap and answer these questions, this
study utilizes secondary sources about minorities in the Middle East, and
relies on surveys and interviews with persons belonging to minority groups
living in Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Jordan and Palestine.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt;">In this research, I argue that:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1. The future of
minorities in the Arab Levant </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">is affected by the balance
of powers between global and regional players in the Middle East. </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Global (USA, Russia) and regional powers' (Turkey,
Iran and Saudi Arabia) policies or what can be called the "Clash of
Titans" in the Middle East will shape the future of the whole region and
the fate of minorities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2. </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Syria’s
geostrategic importance makes it the dominating changer of the Middle East. It
means that the future of Syria shall determine the future of the region. The
Syrian crisis could spill over to Lebanon, Iraq, and Jordan. On the contrary,
the geographic position of Iraq (surrounded by powerful states, and by desert
on the Syrian - Iraqi border) lessens the ability of the Iraqi dynamics from
spreading to the neighborhood. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">3. In each Scenario drawing the future systems,
minorities' rights and future will depend on the ability of the regional and
global powers to prevent worst scenarios and promote good ones. It is power
politics that will shape the minorities' future and rights in the region.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">4.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Minorities in Syria and Lebanon have
learned from the experiences of minorities in Iraq, so they have taken a
decision </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">to defend
themselves and their existence.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Therefore, </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">the attempts to persecute and displace them will fail, and they
will not leave their homelands even persecuted. Uprooting will fail exactly as
the previous attempts by Turkish Ottomans to sweep out minorities at the
beginning of the twentieth century, through Genocides.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Minority rights'
in the Arab Levant will be discussed in this paper. In the first part, we will
give a brief historical background of the minority presence and status in the
political and social systems since the ottoman rule till the Arab uprisings. In
the second part, we will draw a sketch of the minorities' status at the legal,
power and demographic levels in each of the countries that constitute the Arab
Levant; Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Palestine; emphasizing on the first
three states due to their security issues and turbulence. The third part will
reveal the findings of our survey that was conducted with 550 people belonging
to minority groups in these countries. Finally, we conclude trying to predict
the future of minorities in this region, based on each of the scenarios that have
been evoked lately.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
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<br /></div>
<h1 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc452284819"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451340142"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Part I- Historical background</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Arab Levant
states share many characteristics; they were subjected to ottoman rule, and all
- except Lebanon- have a wide Muslim majority, with diverse communities and
minorities. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Politically, Palestine
suffers of occupation, Jordan is a kingdom that has extensive Palestinian
refugee population, and Lebanon has its unique - style power sharing system
based on religious and sectarian balance. Before 2011, Syria was ruled by Alawites'
minority much resented by the Sunni majority. Syria is now witnessing a bloody
civil war, which caused 250,000 deaths and leading <span style="background: white;">over</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">3
million</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">to flee to Syria's immediate
neighbors Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan and Iraq, plus 6.5 million</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">are internally displaced within Syria<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">In Iraq, the
Sunni minority which ruled until the fall of Saddam Hussein was not ready to
concede power to the Shia majority which emerged after US occupation on 2003,
leading to a civil sectarian strife between 2006- 2008, then to resurgence of
Islamic extremist groups like Al-Qaeda and Islamic state of Iraq. Persecutions
of Iraqi Christians started on 2003; lead to their exodus and seeking refuge in
Syria and Lebanon. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc314090549"><o:p></o:p></a></span></div>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc452284820"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451340143"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc450670586"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc314090550"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">A-</span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Minorities during the Ottoman rule</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The
minorities’ issue in the Arab world started eventually during the rule of
Ottoman Empire that created the "Millet system" starting in 1454,
right after the conquest of Istanbul by Sultan Mehmet II. The first Millet to
be constituted was the Orthodox Millet, followed by the Armenian Millet in 1461
and by the Jewish Millet at the end of the 15th century<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
However, Millet System was not a “uniformly adopted system” but, on the
contrary, was a “series of ad hoc arrangements made over the years, which gave
each of the major religious communities a degree of legal autonomy and
authority with the acquiescence of the Ottoman state.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">It was based on "separation
of the main religious communities from each other and on the recognition of
each denomination as legal entity with specific communal ‘segmental’- rights
and privileges"<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. That
system classified minority groups into two categories: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">a- The followers
of monotheistic religions or "people of the Book"- (Ahl Zimma) which
were Christians, Jews and Sabeans- had the right to profess their religion,
provided that they recognized the primacy of Islam and their inferior role
vis-à-vis the Muslim population.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
This status granted Zimmis the right of residence in return for taxes, and
regarded the non- Muslims' residents in the territory of Islam as second-class
citizens<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. Those
were prohibited from holding public religious ceremonies, raising their voices
loudly when praying and even from ringing their church bells loud. It was not
allowed to build new churches, synagogues, convent, hermitage or cell in towns
or cities of Dar al- Islam (Muslim lands). When these injunctions were
disobeyed, Muslim leaders were authorized to treat the offenders as dwellers in
Dar al-Harb (non-Muslim lands/lands of war) and not as Ahl Zimma in Dar al-Salam
(Muslim lands/ lands of peace).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">b-
Polytheists and idolaters were on the contrary recognized as inferior and as
such condemned to annexation to Islam or to slavery. Shia Muslims were
considered apostates, so they were persecuted most of the times, and had to
choose between three choices: convert to Sunni Islam, convert to Christianity
to be treated as Zimmis, or being killed as apostates. In 1513 on the orders of
Sultan Selim I, 40,000 Shiaa were massacred throughout Eastern Anatolia on
suspicion of being Safavid spies or potential traitors<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.<sup> </sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The Protection
system<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">From
the late eighteenth century onward, discrimination and persecution of
minorities lead to chaos and calls for more justice. Western powers used this
to declare their protection of minorities. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">At
its origin, this protection was limited to Ottoman Christians and Jews, locally
recruited for service of the foreigner states. The individual so employed was
given a warrant, issued by the Ottoman government at the request of and through
a foreign consulate called 'berat', whose terms resembled diplomatic immunity,
including some privileges like exemption from Ottoman criminal jurisdiction, as
well as reduced customs levies and other commercial privileges<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Later
on, this protection developed and Russians declared protection on the Orthodox (Rum),
France protected the Maronites (in Mount Lebanon) and Catholics, Britain
protected Druze in Lebanon and Prussia competed with Britain for the protection
of the small Protestant communities and occasionally extended it to the
numerically more important Jews. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">In
order to forestall more drastic intervention, the Ottoman government issued the
Reform Decree of 1856, which proclaimed the equality of all—Muslim and
non-Muslim alike, but it was just a utopia. At that time, the Millet system
changed. The 'Gȕlhane' or 'Tanzimat' Charter proclaimed on November 3, 1839
announced the equality between all citizens. It was regarded the opening period
of reforms, which stretched until 1860s.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Young Turk era:</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">When the Ottoman state failed to defend its territory and
sovereignty, the Young Turk Committee of Union and Progress, the revolutionary
rulers who gained power in a coup, adapted a program of national homogenization
i.e. Turkification. As a result of this policy, the Young Turk government
launched a series of initiatives which marginalized, isolated, incarcerated,
altered borders, deported, forcefully assimilated, exchanged populations,
massacred and conducted genocide against its non-Turkish minority populations<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">A- Turkification:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The
new ottoman rule, used </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Islam
and Ottoman Turkish language as cornerstones in - what they called - 'defending
and homogenization of the empire territories'.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Arab
Levant minorities resisted Turkification. Arabs in the Arab land continued to
speak Arabic. Lebanese Christians defied Turkification by initiating and hiding
prints in their monasteries. Coptic and Syriac were retained in liturgy alone.
To a much greater degree than any other region, these lands were linguistically
unified. Greek Orthodox, Armenians, and many Syrian Christians, along with the
Jews, wrote in a large variety of different languages in their respective
liturgical scripts. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">b-
Genocides<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">From
1900 to 1923, various Turkish regimes killed from 3,500,000 to over 4,300,000
Armenians, Greeks, Nestorians, and other Christians.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Suffering deportations, famine, exposure, war,
genocide, and massacres, millions of minorities in the Levant; Armenians,
Assyrians, and other Christians died. <br />
- <u>Armenians</u>:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">In their highest councils,
Turkish leaders decided to exterminate every Armenian in the country, whether a
front-line soldier or pregnant woman, famous professor or high bishop,
important businessman or ardent patriot; All 2,000,000 of them<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
This lead to the Armenian Genocide.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">- <u>Assyrians</u>:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Between 1914 and
1920, the Assyrian civilian population was forcibly relocated and massacred by
the Ottoman army, together with other armed and allied Muslim peoples,
including Kurds, Chechens and Circassia's forces. Estimates on the overall
death toll have varied. Providing detailed statistics of the various estimates
of the Churches' population after the genocide, David Gaunt accepts the figure
of 275,000 deaths as reported by the Assyrian delegation at the Treaty of
Lausanne and ventures that the death toll would be around 300,000 because of
uncounted Assyrian-inhabited areas<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc452284821"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451340144"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc450670587"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc314090551"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">B- Creation of the Arab states</span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">After World War
I and the fall of the Ottoman Empire, Arabs failed to build modern states, with
a separate national civil identity, and to develop political-social-economic policies
that would ensure reasonable equality for all citizens, economic growth, and
prosperity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The 1920 Treaty
of Sevres, which ended up the war between the Ottomans and the Allies, granted
immediate independence to the Hejaz (the Saudi peninsula), Armenia, as well as
eventual statehood to Kurdistan. These arrangements collapsed three years
later, however, when Turkish forces defeated the Allies. A renegotiated
settlement, the Treaty of Lausanne, ended the dreams of a Greater Kurdistan and
Greater Armenia, setting the borders of modern Turkey.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Immediately
after the creation of the Arab states, even before they attained full
independence, two visions competed concerning state-building and the identity
of their citizens: the Islamic vision and the secular-national vision: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 10.0pt;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The
Islamic vision posits a state based on religion, its governance and social
structure determined by Sharia. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 10.0pt;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Secular-Arab-national visualized a state based
on Arab nationality.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Christian
thinkers and elites strongly supported the second one. They pioneered Arab
nationalism, as they regarded it the best choice for Arab non- Muslim
minorities to be citizens with full rights regardless of their ethnic or
religious origins, and in its main goal and objective to put the Christians, who
were scattered throughout the Arab states and for the most part saw themselves
as Arabs, within the majority community. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Except for
Lebanon, that emphasized a consensus formula of the power-sharing between
religions, the new Arab states - upon their establishment - didn't make an
effort to tackle the problem of different cultural identities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The first constitutions
formulated in Syria and Iraq in the 1920s and 1930s, for example, and under the
influence of Britain and France, were relatively liberal and granted equality
to citizens without connection to their religion, ostensibly. Besides, all the
aforementioned constitutions affirmed that each state was part of the Arab
world and worked for its unity, and that Islam was the religion of the state.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc450670588"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc314090552"><o:p></o:p></a></span></div>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc452284822"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451340145"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">C- Military coups</span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Reaching the
fifties and sixties of the twentieth century, and with the growing anger over
the inability of the active and powerful Arab countries to prevent the
formation of the State of Israel, added to bad socio-economic conditions and
increase in corruption etc., military coups purported in Egypt, Syria, Iraq,
Libya, and Sudan trying to remedy the problems of Arab societies. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The new military
regimes, in Syria and Iraq, promised to restore dignity of their peoples in the
Arab Israeli conflict, to step into modernization, economic and social reforms,
and public education. Yet, within a short time, it turned out they could not
fulfill their promises; instead their states further deteriorated into cruel
dictatorships marked by corruption, which is still endemic in the Arab states
and by domestic oppression and conflicts with neighbors. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Despite
their secular discourse, and the emphasis on Arab nationality, they were unable
to come up with a narrative that could unify the whole mosaic of ethnic, national,
and religious groups.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">It is worth to
note that, while professing secularism; military regimes did not deny Islam. On
the contrary, they boosted Islamic education as a way of distracting the masses
from their military and economic failures. With most of the public clinging to
religion in the face of failed economic development and ongoing poverty,
Islam's influence grew in the seventies and the eighties of the twentieth
century. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc450670589"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc314090553"><o:p></o:p></a></span></div>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc452284823"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451340146"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">D- The Lebanese civil war ( 1975-
1990) and aftermath<o:p></o:p></span></a></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
Lebanese War started as a fighting between Christian groups and Palestinian
forces, and quickly changed to a multifaceted civil war with sectarian and
religious aspects resulting in an estimated 250,000 causalities</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. There was an exodus of almost one
million people from Lebanon as a result of the war</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">, however there are no official
estimates of the religious affiliations of the Lebanese immigrants during war
and later on after the Ta'ef agreement.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">E-Occupation of Iraq 2003</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">After the US
invasion of Iraq, the Iraqi civilian population has been subjected to horrific
levels of violence and terror. Iraq’s minority communities were caught between
the warring factions and their crisis was particularly acute. The very
existence of some of these groups in their ancient homeland was under threat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Some
of these groups have lived in Iraq for two millennia or more. A huge exodus
took place. Minorities were specifically eradicated because of their faith and
ethnicity. Christians were at risk because of their faith. Islamist groups have
dubbed the Yezidi religion ‘impure’ and called for their destruction. For
Sabeans- Mandaeans, carrying weapons is a direct violation of their religious
laws, thus making it difficult for them to defend themselves.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">All of Iraq’s
minority communities have suffered mass murder, abduction, ransoming, murder of
religious and civic leaders and individuals including children, in addition to
forced conversion to Islam using tactics such as: death threats, rape and
forced marriage<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Even before Arab
uprisings and the rise of ISIS, minorities in Iraq were facing difficulties in
all spheres of religious and public life, and many members of minorities in
Iraq find themselves effectively in ghettos as they are excluded from whole
areas of public life, and more than 4,000 Iraqi Christian families were forced
to leave their home town immediately, seeking refuge in other parts of Iraq or
in foreign countries, a report (2011) by <span style="background: white;">Minority
Rights Group International revealed.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc452284824"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451340147"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc450670590"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc314090554"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">F- Arab uprisings: Minorities'
Catastrophe</span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">As
the revolution started in Syria, Christians and Alawites feared a similar
situation of Christians in Iraq where hundreds of thousands have either left or
fled to the northern part of the country due to violence linked to Islamic
extremism. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Very early in
Syria, demonstrators against Assad regime chanted “Christians to Beirut,
Alawites to 'tabout' (coffin)”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
This chant in addition to many other incidents against civilians belonging to
minority groups alluded to what many Syrian minorities fear might happen if the
Baath regime comes to an end.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">As
the war continued its 5th year in Syria and still on, and the capture of three
Iraqi provinces by Islamic extremists (summer 2014); </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">minorities continue to pay a heavy price in respect to
their rights; especially their right to life, their existence and exercise of
their beliefs. Entire minority communities, including Armenian Christians,
Chaldo-Assyrians, Sabean Mandaeans, Shabak, Turkmen and Yezidi, have been
uprooted from areas where they have been living for thousands of years. Women
have been the targets of particularly horrific forms of sexual and gender based
violence, including kidnapping, rape, forced marriage, sexual slavery and
trafficking.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Hundreds of Christian families, Yezidi
and other minorities joined the exodus of civilians leaving Mosul, with the UN
estimating that 500,000 people fled in the first week following the entry of
ISIS into the city. The remaining Christian families received an ultimatum to
either convert to Islam, pay jizya (a tribute levied on non- Muslims) or be
killed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Extremists; like ISIS, al - Nusra
front and other Al Qaeda affiliated militias in Syria, imposed new rules on the
inhabitants of their captured territories, marked by the imposition of strict
interpretations of Sharia law, the silencing of all forms of opposition and the
destruction of any traces of minority culture and heritage. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">In Mosul, Deir zour and al Raqqa,
ISIS issued orders mandating women to wear the veil and instructing them not to
leave the house unless accompanied by a man. Residents of all occupied areas
have been tried in self-styled Sharia courts for violating or opposing the
group’s ideology, with many sentenced to public executions and other
punishments. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">In either Syria and Iraq,
Alawites, Kurds, Shia and Sunnis have developed their own armed groups and
recalled support from foreign troops, however marginalized minorities have
found themselves with little effective protection in that deteriorating
security environment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Arab
uprisings and rise of extremism and terrorism reopened the file of the
minorities in Arab world again. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">In
this context, <u>members of smaller minorities have been particularly targeted
for a variety of</u></span><u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">reasons</span></u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1- For ideological reasons; fundamentalist
groups aiming to bring an end to Iraq’s and Syria's religious diversity and to
establish a Sunni caliphate in the region. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2- Political reasons; minorities
in Syria have been seen as supporters of Assad regime, and both Christians and Yezidi
in Iraq were associated with the West and attacked as a result.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">3- Militarily; minorities often
constitute ‘easy targets’, as they do not have their own militias.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">4- Minority groups are
concentrated in strategic areas or oil-rich regions; like Baghdad, Kirkuk and Ninewa
etc. in Iraq, and Lattikia, Homs and Deir zour in Syria.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">5-Rebel groups attack civilian
targets to increase sectarian hatred, mobilize jihadists, and undermine the
governments' abilities to maintain basic security in both Syria and Iraq.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Fortunately, Lebanon, as it was
during the Ottoman rule, still seen as haven for minorities in the Middle East.
The refuge of minorities from Ottoman persecution, constructed the Lebanese
diverse religious population, and today; it is still seen as the safest place
for religious freedom and protection of minorities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h1 style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc452284825"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451340148"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc450670591"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Part
II- Status of minorities in each of the Five states</span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[23]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc452284826"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451340149"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">A- Iraq</span></a><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The ancient nation of Iraq was a
home to dozens of ethnic and religious minorities, who were severely affected after
the US- led invasion in 2003, the civil war (2006-2008), then after the advance
of ISIS fighters into large parts of Ninewa, Mosul and other provinces.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc452284827"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451340150"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">a-
Minorities' rights: legal framework</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Article 2 of the Iraqi constitution drafted and approved on
15 October 2005, recognizes Islam as the official religion, mandates it to be a
source of legislation, and states that no law may be enacted contradicting the
established provisions of Islam. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">As
for the religious minorities' rights; the constitution guarantees the full
rights and freedom of religious belief and practice of all individuals such as
Christians, Yezidi, and Mandean Sabeans (Art.2). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc452284828"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451340151"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">b-
Minorities' Status in Power</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Minorities have a
quota of the 328 seats in the Council of Representatives; the electoral law reserves
just 8 seats for members of minority groups: five for Christian candidates; one
for Yezidi; one for Sabean -Mandaean; and one for Shabak. The Iraqi Kurdistan
Parliament reserves 11 seats for minorities: five for Christians, five for
Turkmen, and one for Armenian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">In
the 2014 national parliamentary elections, six minority candidates won
parliamentary seats outside of the quota allocation, bringing total minority
representation to 14 seats. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc452284829"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451340152"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">c-
In Education</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The government requires Islamic religious instruction in
public schools, but non-Muslim students are not required to participate. Ministry
of Education approved the inclusion of Syriac and Christian religious education
in the curricula of 152 public schools in Baghdad, Ninewa, and Kirkuk. Private
religious schools operate in the country, but must obtain a license from the
director general of private and public schools and pay annual fees.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The
constitution establishes Arabic and Kurdish as official state languages but
guarantees the right to educate minority children in their own languages, and
makes Turkmen and Syriac official languages in “the administrative units in
which they constitute density populations.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc452284830"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451340153"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">d-
Demography</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">There
is no accurate data about religious demography in Iraq due to violence,
terrorism, collective migrations, and governmental tracking capability. Following
ISIS incursions in 2014, 1.8 million people were displaced; the exact number of
religious minorities among those displaced remains unknown. ISIS abuses
disproportionately affected religious minorities, with between 100,000 and
200,000 Christians, an estimated 300,000 Yezidi, and several thousand Kakai's
displaced throughout the country. In the wake of this displacement, high
concentrations of those minorities now reside in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">According
to 2010 government statistics, the most recent official statistics available,
97% of the 32 million population are Muslims; the majority are Shia Muslims
constituting 60 to 65 % of the population predominantly Arabs but including
Turkmen, Shabak, Faili (Shia) Kurds, and others. Sunni Muslims make up 31 to 37
% of the population, with 18 to 20 % representing Sunni Kurds, 12 to 16 % Sunni
Arabs, and the remaining 1 to 2 % Sunni Turkmen. Minorities constitute approximately
3 % of the population, composed of Christians, Yezidi, Sabean-Mandaeans,
Bahais, Kakai's, and a very small number of Jews<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Christians</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Christian
identity is not as homogeneous as some of the other Iraqi minority identities.
Many Christians not only consider themselves a religion, but also as part of
one of four distinct ethnicities as well; Chaldean, Assyrian, Armenian, or
Syriac</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Twenty years ago, there were
approximately 1.4 million Christians in Iraq.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">After 2003, more than 50% of them
left the country. Before June 2014 and
the ISIS take of Ninewa and Mosul, only around 350,000 Christians were still based
in Iraq<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
mostly in Baghdad, Mosul and the Ninewa plain, Kirkuk, Basra as well as the
three governorates in the Iraqi Kurdish Region.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Turkmen<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Turkmen are a distinct ethnic group; </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">range of between 500,000 and 600,000. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Approximately 60%
of them are Sunni, just around 39 % are Shia and the remainder are Christians (
around 30,000) .Turkmen, as well as Kurds and Assyrians, were forcibly
displaced from their homes during Saddam Hussein rule, where the government
launched “Arabization” and “correction” campaigns and brought in Arab settlers
to replace them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Approximately
85 % of Turkmen Iraqi population lived in the regions around Mosul, Kirkuk,
Erbil and Tel Afar; the rest are in Baghdad and smaller villages, such as Tuz
Khurmato<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
with the largest concentration based in Kirkuk, and south as far as Wassit
governorate, south-east of Baghdad.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Before
ISIS incursions in 2014, </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Turkmen were intimidated by
Kurdish and central government authorities, as well as by extra-judicial
militias, on religious and ethnic grounds as well as for their presence in the
disputed territories<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
Shia Turkmen have been executed by ISIS fighters.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Yezidi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Those are an ethno-religious
group indigenous to northern Mesopotamia. Yezidis is an ancient religion
present in the Middle East since approximately 4000 BC, based mainly in
northern Iraq, though some are also based in neighboring Syria and Turkey.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Even though they are ethnically
Kurdish, Yezidi are a distinct and independent religious community with their
own unique culture.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
This reportedly created conflict within the community and pressure from Kurdish
officials and Kurdish-identifying community members, as well as death threats.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Because
of the violence from extremist groups, there have been no Yezidi left in Mosul
since 2007</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[34]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Due to a misinterpretation of their religion, Islamic militants regard Yezidi
as heretical, and "devil worshippers" so they have been regularly
targeted with violence as a result.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[35]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Unlike Christians, or the "People of the Book"</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> who can pay a
tax to stay in their homes, the Yezidi can only choose between conversion,
expulsion, or execution</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[36]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Prior to June 2014, the 2005
population of 700,000 had reportedly fallen to approximately 500,000, with
thousands of families having fled to Syria, Jordan and other states.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[37]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
</span><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Other
Minorities<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Like
other groups; </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Mandean -Sabeans</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Shabak, Baha'is,
Faili Kurds, and Kakai's (Yaresan) have been targeted because of their ethnic
or religious identity and forced to leave their homes as majority communities
try to create religious and ethnically homogeneous enclaves.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Mandean- Sabeans</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> estimated 70,
000 worldwide and most lived in Iraq before the 2003 war; less than 5, 000 were
still there before ISIS incursions<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[38]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. Like
all other minorities, </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Sabeans</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> do not
intermarry and their beliefs are considered heretical by the extremist groups
who target them. However, it was not only extremists who targeted them; they
have a reputation as being wealthier than ordinary Iraqis because many formerly
traded in alcohol, jewelry and other profitable businesses. This has made them
the target of criminal gangs conducting kidnappings for ransom.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[39]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Kaka’i, also known as Ahl-e Haqq
or Yarsan, estimated between 110,000 and 200,000 in Iraq, mainly south-east of
Kirkuk and in the Ninewa plain near Daquq and Hamdaniya, with others also based
in Diyala, Erbil and Suleimaniya.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[40]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The
Shabak, with a population of 200,000–500,000 (2010 estimates) residing -mainly-
in Mosul, have been targeted by Radical Islamists, Al-Qaeda (2006- 2008) and
ISIS (2014- ).</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The Baha'i religion is still not
recognized by the majority of Middle East governments and they have no right to
express their identity. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc452284831"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451340154"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">B-Syria</span></a><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The brutal and destructive nature
of the conflict has caused severe catastrophe for all civilians, majority and
minority communities alike. Alawites are among the groups most in danger of
violent persecution by armed opposition groups due to their perceived
association with the Assad regime, although -in general- minority political
allegiances are divided between support and opposition.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[41]</span></span><!--[endif]--></a></span>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc452284832"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451340155"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc450670592"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">a-
Minorities' rights: Legal Framework</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Syria is considered a secular state although the
constitution requires the president be Muslim and stipulates that Islamic
jurisprudence is a major source of legislation. The 2012 constitution confirms
that "the State respects all religions" and provides "freedom to
exercise of all religions". The constitution grants freedom of faith and
religious practice (Article 35) provided that religious rites “do not disturb
the public order” (article 3). There is no official legal punishment under
Syrian law for apostasy of Islam, or any other religion.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The constitution also ensures “the civil status of the
religious communities is protected and respected,” and “the citizens are equal
in rights and duties, without discrimination as to religion or confession”
(article 33). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The
Syrian penal code prohibits “causing tension between religious communities.” Religion
is not mentioned on identity cards or passports. For issues of personal status,
the government requires citizens to be affiliated nominally with Christianity,
Judaism, or Islam. Shari 'a is applied in matters related to personal
status(including inheritance, marriage, divorce, and child custody) for Muslims
only, while religious minorities apply their own laws<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[42]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc452284833"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451340156"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">b-
Minorities status in Power</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Recognized religious minority groups are represented in the
parliament, the government, and administration and among the senior officer
bodies of the Syrian military. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc452284834"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451340157"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">c-
In Education</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Public schools are officially government-run and
nonsectarian, although in practice the Christian and Druze communities operate
some public schools. There is mandatory religious instruction in public schools
for all students, with regime-approved teachers and curricula. Religious
instruction is provided for Islam and Christianity only, and courses are
divided into separate classes for Muslim and Christian students. Members of
religious minority groups can choose to attend public schools with Muslim or
Christian instruction, or attend private schools that follow either secular or
religious curricula. Groups participating in Islamic courses include only
Sunnis, Shia, Alawites, Ismailis, Yezidi, and Druze<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[43]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">On 21 July 2010, the government ordered the banning of
face-covering niqab in public and private universities amid fears of increasing
Islamic extremism among young Muslim students; with hundreds of teachers
wearing niqab were transferred out of Syrian schools and universities and
reassigned to administrative jobs, where they would not come into contact with
students.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[44]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Although Arabic is the official language in public schools,
the government permits the teaching of Armenian, Hebrew, Syriac (Aramaic), and
Chaldean in some schools on the premise that they are “liturgical languages.”
The government permitted the use of religious language in public, including
banners bearing religious slogans at prominent public landmarks during
religious holidays. The display of nativity scenes and other symbols associated
with Christmas is common.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[45]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc452284835"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451340158"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">d- Demography</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">By
July 2014, Syrian population was estimated at 17,951,639 with approximately
18,900 Israeli settlers live in the Golan Heights (2012). Syrian religious
demography can be classified as: Muslims 87% (official; includes Sunni 74% (Arabs
and Kurds) - Alawite, Ismailis, and Shia 13%), Christian 10% (includes
Orthodox, Catholics, and Nestorian), Druze 3%, Jewish (few remaining in
Damascus and Aleppo)<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[46]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">- Christians<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The Syrian Christian community
makes up approximately 10 % of the population, but its size has been declining
since the March 2011 uprising due to displacement and emigration. Like other
minorities, many Christians feel they have to support Assad because they fear
what may happen if the rebels win; they may face the same tragedy as Christians
in Iraq. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">- Alawites<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Alawites comprise about 10 % of
the population. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The
Alawites, a Muslim minority in Syria were also a subjugated people until the
arrival of the Alawite Assad family to the presidency in 1971. Many Sunni
Muslims (who make up the majority of the Syrian population) see the Alawites,
who do study the Quran and recognize the five pillars of Islam but who differ
in some fundamental religious beliefs from mainstream Islam, as heretics.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">- Druze</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">They constitute 3% of Syria's population. Druze, who
refer to themselves as al-Muwahhideen, or "believers in one God," are
concentrated in the rural, mountainous areas known officially as Jabal al-Arab
or Jabal al-Druze. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">They have generally avoided taking sides in the conflict.
The majority of Druze tried to stay neutral between the regime and the
militants. This couldn't save them, </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">for the Druze faith is
considered heretical by jihadists, so Dozens of </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Druze
living Sowaida were murdered, and Druze living in Idlib have been subjected to
religious persecution by "al-Nusra Front" with several hundred forced
to convert to Sunni Islam. The militants also were accused of desecrating
graves and damaging Druze shrines.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">- Kurds<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">They represent about 10 % of the
Syrian population. According to Law 93 of 1962, Kurds who could not prove their
residence in Syria from 1945 onwards were denied Syrian nationality. It was
till 2011 that President Bashar Assad issued a decree to grant citizenship to
the 300,000 Kurds living in Hasaka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">During Syrian war, Kurds fought
the Islamic radical groups Like Al Nusra Front and ISIS. They could win most of
the battles and expel ISIS jihadists from the regions in northern Syria, which
allowed them to declare autonomy for the Kurdish-controlled areas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Shia</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Muslims also faced difficulties and massacres since the uprising.
Shia villages have been besieged by the opposition fighters, and many others
were displaced because they were seen as supporters of the regime.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Yezidi</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> population was approximately 80,000 before the war, media
reports indicate that it has grown due to Iraqi Yezidi fleeing across the
border into Syria.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Yezidi live in fear and
desperation following the ISIS’s brutal campaign against their community
members in Iraq. ISIS has smuggled unknown numbers of abducted Yezidi women and
girls from Sinjar into Syria, where they have been sold as commodities,
enslaved, raped and forcibly married to ISIS fighters.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Turkmen </span></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">comprise 1.2% of the
Syrian population, making them "one of the smallest minority groups in the
country", according to historian C. H. Bleaney<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[47]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">During the War, they have been
involved in military actions against Syrian government forces and they were
backed, funded and militarized by Turkish army and intelligence.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The
Ismailis</span></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> of Syria are about 1% percent of the population, they are
mostly found in Al Silmiya near Hama. At the onset of the “Syrian revolution,”
al-Silmiya witnessed some unique demonstrations with protesters proudly
drinking alcohol and raising a glass to the civil revolution, but when the
conflict turned into a battle between the Syrian Army and the jihadists, the
Ismailis looked for the government for protection like other minorities.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[48]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Jews </span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">numerically are less 100 in Syria (2014). Before the war,
Jews had separate primary schools for religious instruction on Judaism and were
allowed to teach Hebrew in some schools. Jews and Kurds were the only
minorities not allowed to participate in the political system and Jews did not
have military service obligations.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[49]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc452284836"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451340159"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">C-Lebanon</span></a><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc452284837"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451340160"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">a- Minorities' rights: legal
framework</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Religious freedom is protected
by both constitution and laws. The constitution stipulates that " There
shall be absolute freedom of conscience" (Article 9), the State respects all religions and creeds and
guarantees, under its protection the free exercise of all religious rites
provided that public order is not disturbed. It also guarantees that the
personal status and religious interests of the population, to whatever
religious sect they belong, shall be respected.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Religion is not encoded on
national identity cards or on passports, but just noted on “ikhraaj qaid”
(official registry) documents. Citizens have the right to remove their religion
or change the religion on their identity cards and official registry
documents. Government documents refer to
Jewish Lebanese citizens as Israelis, although they are not Israeli citizens.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">The law gives religious
groups the right to administer their personal status' laws freely. There are no
procedures for civil marriage; however, the government recognizes civil
marriage ceremonies performed outside the country, irrespective of the
religious affiliation of each individual.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Unrecognized groups are
permitted to perform their religious rites and assemble for worship without
government interference. An individual may change religions if the change is
approved by the head of the religious group the person wishes to join. The Lebanese
penal code prohibits “causing tension between religious communities.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc452284838"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451340161"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">b- Minorities in Power</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">The constitution assures the
balance of power among the major religious groups. Christians and Muslims are represented
equally (and proportionally among the 18 officially-recognized religious groups)
in parliament, the cabinet, administration, and high-level civil service
positions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">The President of the
Republic is Christian, and the total number of Christians' seats in Parliament
is 64. Total number of Muslim seats in the Parliament is also 64;<b> </b>Sunnis
have 27 seats and 27 seats are for Shia, the speaker of the parliament is Shiite,
and the prime minister is Sunni.<b> </b>Druze has 8 seats in the parliament.
Alawites have 2 seats in the parliament.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">The government does not
officially recognize some religious groups such as Bahais, Buddhists, Hindus,
and unregistered Protestant groups. Although members of these groups do not qualify
for certain government positions, but there are many of them who have been in
government and administrative positions. Government records list some members
of unregistered religious groups as belonging to recognized religious groups</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[50]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc452284839"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451340162"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">c- In Education</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">The government permits the publication of religious
materials of every religious group in different languages.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The
constitution confirms that education shall be free insofar as it is not
contrary to public order and morals and does not affect the dignity of any of
the religions or sects. The State gives religious communities a right to have
their own schools.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc452284840"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451340163"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="sectioniigovernmentpractices"></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">d- Demography</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Lebanon can be considered
as a pot of minorities, where all the religions and sects are regarded as
minorities. The population is approximately 4.3 million, with 18 officially - recognized
religious groups include 4 Muslim groups, 12 Christian groups, Druze, and
Judaism. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Many persons fleeing
religious mistreatment and discrimination in neighboring states are immigrants
in the country, including Kurds, Shia, and Chaldeans from Iraq, as well as Coptic
Christians from Egypt and Sudan</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[51]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="sectionii"></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">There are no official
records or estimations, however a study conducted by Statistics Lebanon, a
Beirut-based private research firm, cited by the United States Department of
State, found that Lebanon's population constitute of approximately 4.3 million;
Muslims around 54% (27 % Sunni Muslim, 27 % Shia Muslim).Christians declined to
41% (21 % are Maronites, 8 % Greek Orthodox, 5 % Greek Catholic, 6.5 % belonging
to smaller Christian groups). Druze estimate around 5.6 %. Alawites count 40,000
to 120,000 in Lebanon. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Jews:
</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Unlike
other Arab countries, where Jews were declared "personae non gratae"
following the creation of the state of Israel in 1948, Lebanon did not expel
its' Jewish citizens. There are no official estimates as to the size of
Lebanon’s remaining Jewish community today. According to the President of the
Lebanese Jewish Community Council, Mr. Isaac Arazi; there are more than 2,000
Lebanese Jews still living in Lebanon.<span style="background: white;"> </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451340164"><b><o:p></o:p></b></a></span></div>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc452284841"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">D-Jordan</span></a><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">
<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc452284842"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451340165"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">a- Minorities rights: Legal
framework</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">The Jordanian constitution stipulates the
freedom to practice the rites of one’s religion in accordance with the customs
that are observed in the country, unless the government deems they violate
morality or public order. It assures that there shall be no discrimination in
the rights and duties of citizens on grounds of religion, but also notes that
the state religion is Islam and the king must be a Muslim. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Religious affiliation is required on
national identification cards and legal documentation, including on marriage
and birth certificates, but not on travel documents. National identification
cards and legal documentation identify individuals as either Christian or
Muslim but do not specify their sects. Atheists and agnostics must associate
themselves with a recognized religion for purposes of official identification.
Employment application forms for government positions occasionally contain
questions about an applicant’s religion.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">The constitution mandates that matters
concerning personal status are under the exclusive jurisdiction of religious
courts. The constitution and law do not explicitly ban Muslims from converting
to another faith, and there are no penalties under civil law for doing so.
Nonetheless, by according primacy to sharia, Muslims who convert can be
prosecuted by the State Security Court under the penal code’s provisions
against “inciting sectarian conflict” or “harming the national unity.”
Non-Muslims may convert to Islam or from one recognized non-Islamic faith to
another.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc452284843"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451340166"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">b- Minorities in Power</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Christians regularly serve as cabinet
ministers. According to the law, Christians are allotted nine seats out of 150
seats in parliament. They are also eligible to compete for the 27 seats
reserved for national list candidates. Christians may not run for the remaining
114 seats. No seats are reserved for adherents of other minority religious
groups. The government classification of Druze as Muslims permits them to hold
office. The government traditionally reserves some positions in the upper
levels of the military for Christians, anecdotally estimated to be
approximately 4 %.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc452284844"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451340167"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">c- In Education</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Public schools provide Islamic religious
instruction as part of the basic national curriculum, although non-Muslim
students are allowed to opt out. In several cities, Christian denominations
operate private schools, and are able to conduct classes on Christianity. The
schools are open to adherents of all religions.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[52]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc452284845"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451340168"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">d- Demography</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">The official Jordanian government estimates
- cited by the US department of State - the population is 7.9 million (July
2014), 97.2 % of which is Sunni Muslim. Christians are 2.2 % of the population,
and groups that together constitute less than 1 % of the population include
Shia Muslims, Bahais, and Druze. Shia
and Baha'i count not more 1000. There are also about 20,000 to 32,000 Druze
living mostly in the north of Jordan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc452284846"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451340169"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">E- Palestine</span></a><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: 0.8pt;">West Bank</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: 0.8pt;">: Muslim population is around 85.0%
(predominantly Sunni), the Jewish settlers estimates 12%, and Christians
consist 1.0 - 2.5% (mainly Greek Orthodox), while in </span><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gaza Strip</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">:</span><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: 0.8pt;">Muslims 98.0 - 99.0% (predominantly Sunni), Christian 1.0%</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">An
estimated 50,000 Christians live among 3.9 million Muslims in the Palestinian
territories, most in the West Bank, notably in Bethlehem, and East Jerusalem.
Some 3,000 are in the Gaza Strip.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn53" name="_ftnref53" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[53]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The
Palestinian Authority says the Christian population in the West Bank has shrunk
over the last three decades due to emigration, mainly to Australia, Canada and
the United States, but lacks accurate figures. The rise of Islamic radicalism,
protracted Palestinian - Israeli conflict, blockade and better living standards
are the main reasons for Christian emigration. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h1 style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc452284847"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451340170"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc450670595"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">Part
III - Findings and Future Solutions</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h2>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc452284848"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">A- Survey Results
and Analysis</span></a><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Our survey was conducted on March - April, 2016 by a group
of researchers residing in Lebanon, through direct interaction with the
respondents, and via email and/or phone with the minorities living in other
Arab Levant countries.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The respondents were mainly; Christians, Kurds, Druze,
Turkmen, Alawites, and Yezidi. We couldn't reach Ismailis due to security
concerns in Syria. Jews couldn't be reached due to their no- show in Arab
societies. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">According to the definition given by United Nations Human
Rights- Office of the High commissioner, the existence of a minority is a
question of fact and any definition must include both objective factors (such
as the existence of a shared ethnicity, language or religion) and subjective
factors (including that individuals must identify themselves as members of a minority)<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn54" name="_ftnref54" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[54]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.<u>Therefore,
Shia and Sunnis were excluded from our survey- despite the fact that first are
considered a minority in Syria, and the latter constitute a minority in Iraq -
because they don't define themselves as minorities in the region. Kurds in Iraq
are also excluded from our survey because they don't consider themselves as a minority,
they are in a dominant position in Iraqi Kurdistan, and they don't have the
same concerns, fears and aspirations like other minorities in the Levant.<o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">According
to the given estimations of minorities in the Arab Levant, the survey sample is
classified as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 39.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Christians 47%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 39.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Alawites 19%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 39.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Kurds 13 %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 39.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Druze 8 %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 39.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Yezidi 6 %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 39.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Turkmen 4 %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 39.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">other 2 %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The
no. of respondents is 550, categorized as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nationalities</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">47% Lebanese Syrians 42 % Iraqis 7 % Jordanians 3 % Palestinians 1%. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <b>Age</b>:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 38.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">20 % of them are above 50. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 38.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">18 % are between 38 and 50 years,
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 38.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">24 % are between 28 and 37. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 38.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">38% are between 18 and 27.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gender</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">53% of the respondents are males, and 47% are females.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The Questions and answers were as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1. With which of the following do you associate your belonging:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Country 37 % Family 35% Religion 28 %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The results show
that minorities still have ambiguity in their sense of belonging. Their crisis
of identity can be seen as those associate themselves with both family and
religion constitute around 63%, while those affiliate themselves with national
identity are just 37%. This shows that Arab Levant states - after decades of
independence- couldn't develop a national identity for all citizens.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2. Do you practice your own cultural, political and social
rights in your country?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">53% Yes
32% No 15% No
Answer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The
percentage of "no answer" in critical questions shows that minorities
still have fear to express their opinions which can be seen as criticizing the
authorities</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">* If Not, why?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Those who
said that they don't practice their rights in the previous question (32%),
refer to the following reasons:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Absence of freedoms and democracy: 47 %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The corrupt political system: 31%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Religious intolerance and sectarian
divide: 13%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Displacement:
9 %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Note that some Lebanese answered that they don't practice
their political rights, referring to their right to vote for a new parliament
as the deputies are continuously extending their own mandate in a severe breach
to the constitution.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn55" name="_ftnref55" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[55]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
However, this Lebanese issue can be seen as a national problem not a minority
rights' one.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">3. Do you have any preferences for your neighbors?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">58% no preference
20% same nationality
20% same sect 2% no answer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Despite
all the fears and rise of criminality due to war and displacement; the majority
still feel that they can co- exist with other religions and nationalities at
the same neighborhood. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Note that Iraqi
respondents had the major concerns; they said that "most Iraqi Christians
and Yezidi captives were handed to ISIS by their Sunni neighbors".<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">4 - Do you feel intimidated because you are a minority?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">42% never
27% sometimes 16%
always 15% rarely <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">43% of the
respondents have some sort of fear due to the fact that they are minorities,
while 42% have never had this feeling. Lebanese respondents were the most
satisfied and non afraid ones.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">5. before the rise of extremism, have you ever been exposed
to persecution or injustice because of your religion?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> 65% No 30% Yes 5% no answer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">It means that a good majority of them were satisfied with
their status and weren't subject to persecution of injustice due to their
religious affiliations. It is important to note that injustice and persecution
in Arab states -before the uprisings - affected all citizens regardless of
their religious affiliation. Persecution and injustice - in most cases- were
the result of dictatorship and has nothing to do with rights of minorities
specifically.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">6. Which of the following statements define you?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">48% I want to stay in my homeland. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">24% I am thinking of immigration. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">14% I am a refugee. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">13% I am displaced.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Almost half of the
respondents want to stay at their homelands, despite all challenges and fears. </span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">7. Do you think that strict adherence to the religion is
desirable today?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">72% No
28% Yes <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Why?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Those who said NO (72%) justified as follows: <o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">48% it increases instability and
hatred between communities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">38 % intolerance leads to the
absence of national unity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4% intolerance is a mental illness.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">10 % no answer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The first two justifications
mentioned in this question, and their high percentages reveal high level of
awareness; and show that minorities still strive to societal coexistence and
national unity (86%).<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Those
who answered YES (28%) referred it to the following reasons:<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">64% intolerance is the right
reaction towards intolerance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 18% for protection of the community.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">14% to maintain our rights.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">11% to counter foreign policies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">8.
How do private religious institutions (economic, political, educational...)
affect the development of the State? <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">31%
they eliminate State loyalty and patriotism.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">26%
they help raise the capabilities of the state. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">19%
they contribute to sectarian loyalties.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">16%
they develop groups outside the framework of the State.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">8%
no answer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The above
percentages show that that negative attitudes (66%) are far higher than
positive one (26%). It means the majority prefer to get their rights from their
states not through private religious institutions. High negative attitudes
reveal that religious institutions are not accepted as a substitute of the
State, or as intermediaries between the citizen and the State.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">9. Do you
support the emergence of secular parties in your country?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">63% Yes 18% No 19% no answer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> 63% of respondents
are convinced that there is a need to establish secular parties. This is
logical compared to answers in no.7, where 72% are against fanaticism. It means
that there is a strong conviction among minorities that secular parties can be
a way to get rid of intolerance and radicalism, and grant them equality.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">10. Do you
Support civil marriages?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">58% yes No 34% 8% no answer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">11. Would you
(yourself) adapt a civil marriage or encourage your children to do so?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">49% Yes 32% No 19% No Answer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">12. Do you think
that religious affiliation should be deleted from identity cards?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">78% yes it
should be deleted 21% I am with keeping it 1% no answer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Those who refuse
to delete religious affiliation from national identity cards, considered its
presence as a sign of pride of their religions.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">13. Which
political system you think is best for the states that have minorities? (Open
answers)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">39% democratic
System 36 % secular system 19% federal - decentralized System <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> 3% power- sharing system 1% Islamic Caliphate<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1 % partition of
the state 1% no answer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">14. Extremism is
a result of:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">28%
foreign interventions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">9%
foreign intelligence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">8%
internal sectarian policies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3%
Media.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">46% All of the above.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6%
None of the above.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">15. Do you think
minorities will return to their homeland when the war ends? <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">43% Yes 55% No 2% No Answer <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">16. is there any
future for minorities in the Arab Levant?</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-LB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>33% Yes 30%
No 37% I do not know<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The results of
this question show the <u>uncertainty</u> the minorities have for their future
in the Arab Levant. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">17. What were
your fears before the emergence of extremism? (Open Question)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">32% tyranny of
the majority, 46%
dispossession of rights<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">20% absence of
power- sharing 2% No answer<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>18. What are your major fears today? (Open Question)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">34%
uprooting 32% genocide 33% deprivation of civil and religious
rights 1% no answer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">19. in your
opinion, what is the best solution for minorities in the region? (Open
Question)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">42%
Secularism.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">30
% defending their homeland to reach Stability, peace, and security.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">18%
amending constitutions to protect "rights of minorities".<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7%
Immigration.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1%
No solution<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2%
No answer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h1>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451340171"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc452284849"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">B-Future of minorities in the Arab Levant</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Minorities in
Arab Levant, is a term that refer to groups that were found in the region
before the independence and creation of the states. Through history, these
groups fought each other (Druze vs. Maronites, Kurds participated in the
Armenian genocide etc). Today, most of them live in fear, insecurity, and
desperation and have no clear vision for tomorrow.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Minorities are
not unified in their perceptions for their future in the region. So, if we want
to figure out, how the new regional system would look like, we have to
determine how minorities themselves see their future with respect to the
scenarios and plans suggested by major powers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc452284850"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451340172"><span style="background: white; font-size: 16.0pt;">Scenarios</span></a><span style="background: white; font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Syria’s geostrategic importance makes it
the strategic center of the Middle East. It is important to note that the
future of Syria shall determine the future of the region; the Syrian conflict could
spill over to Lebanon, Iraq, and Jordan. On the contrary, the geographic position
of Iraq (surrounded by powerful states, and by desert on the Syrian - Iraqi
border) prevents the Iraqi dynamics from spreading to the neighborhood. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Therefore, what are the future Scenarios of
Syria? and what is the fate of the minorities in each of these scenarios?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc452284851"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451340173"><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1- Partition_ Balkanization</span></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">This solution could get just 1 % in our survey. Lebanon
defied previous attempts to partition during civil war (1975- 1990). The Syrian
regime and opposition both reject this solution. Iraq is still striving to
unity, however hard to obtain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<em><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 10.0pt; font-style: normal; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">In this Scenario, Middle
Eastern countries will be Balkanized; i.e. separated and fragmented along
sectarian lines. This would result in the creation of several weak landlocked
religious micro-states.<o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Many maps were drawn for partition in the
Middle East; we can mention the old Oded Yinon<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn56" name="_ftnref56" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[56]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> map, Bernard Lewis one<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn57" name="_ftnref57" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[57]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>, the US retired Colonel -
Lieutenant Ralph Peters map<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn58" name="_ftnref58" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[58]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> which was published
during the Bush administration call for a " New middle East", and the
most recent map for the partition of the region was published by "New York
Times" on September 28, 2013<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn59" name="_ftnref59" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[59]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Partition calls to
divide <u>Syria</u> into three, four or more states:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">the
<i>Alawites' State</i> that take the west of Syria along a corridor from the
south through Damascus, Homs and Hama to the northern Mediterranean coast till
it reach Alawites' province in Turkey. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The
Sunni-dominated heartland can become a <i>Sunni State</i> that has links with
the heartland of Iraq which will be a new Sunni state (</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Ironically, the borders
of this Sunni state are exactly the same area dominated by ISIS).</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Some
of the maps drew two Sunni states; one in Damascus and the second in Aleppo. Those
two Sunni states will be hostile to each other; the Damascus state will have
the moderate Sunni Islam, while the Aleppo state will contain the radicals. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Kurdish
State</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">: Kurds may have their own state
that may extend to Kurdish parts of Turkey, and to Iraqi - Kurdistan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">4.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Druze</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> State can merge Druze of Syria with Druze of Lebanon, and -
maybe- those living in Golan Heights.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Iraq</span></u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> will be
partitioned to 3 states; the <i>Shiite state</i> in the south, the <i>Sunni
State</i> in the heart, and a <i>Kurdish State</i> in the north.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Either it was in the form of partition or federalism</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, this can be
regarded a very critical solution for minorities and for the whole region, <u>for
the following reasons:</u><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1. the most
dangerous aspect is the religious and sectarian factor in determining the
borders of the states which may turn into sectarian battle lines.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> These new states will start protracted endless religious
wars, especially between Sunni and Shia in the region.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2. The resources factor; some of the mini - states
will get all the resources, and the rest will be left to starve. The Alawite
state will have a substantial amount of Syria’s water, agriculture, oil and
will be open to the Mediterranean. The Sunni majority will be deserted in a
landlocked state, which leaves them without enough resources though having some
oil.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">3. Minorities will be forced to leave the ethnically and
religiously heterogeneous regions, to live in their designated mini-states. For
partition to be a reality; the new states should constitute sectarian
homogeneous population and this will obviously lead to ethnic and religious
cleansing in the region.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Either in the name of partition or federalism, this
scenario will not be a road to peace in the Middle East. Iraq which adopted
federalism in 2005 is still very far from peace. <u>Except for Kurds, this scenario
is catastrophic for most of the minorities in the region.</u> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">The partition Scenario is very hard to be obtained for
it will present a threat to most of the major regional powers, so they will
work against it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Global Powers stances:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">- Despite the Americans called for partition of Iraq</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn60" name="_ftnref60" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[60]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">, the Obama administration has called - together with
the other powers- for a 'united Syria'</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn61" name="_ftnref61" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[61]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">. Russians are against partition</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn62" name="_ftnref62" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[62]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">; however, they have said that they may accept a
"federal" solution, if it is the "Syrian people choice"</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn63" name="_ftnref63" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[63]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">. Russians called for a federal - decentralized system
in a united Syrian state</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn64" name="_ftnref64" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[64]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">(<u>19% of the respondents agreed for such a solution</u>).
Moreover, Russians fear that a huge radical Sunni state that includes the heart
of Iraq and heart of Syria, may encourage North Caucasus' states for secession.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">- Regional powers positions:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Turkey, Iran and Saudi Arabia will fight against
partition:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<u><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Turkey</span></u><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">: The
partition of Syria and the establishment of a Kurdish state would threaten
Turkey's national security, and will give an additional impetus to Turkey's
Kurds aspirations to secession, noting that all the maps have called for
merging Kurds of Syria, with Iraq and Turkey.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<u><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Saudi Arabia</span></u><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">:
will not accept the division of Syria, because it is threatened by partition
also. The "New York Times" map divided Saudi Arabia to five separate
mini-states along sectarian and tribal lines.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<u><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Iran</span></u><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">: This
option is even more dangerous for the Iranians than the fall of al-Assad in
Syria, for many reasons:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">a- The separatist Kurds inside Iran may tempt to
revolt and call for secession. It was the first found ‘State of Republic of
Kurdistan’ in history in Mahabad in Iran in January 1946 and, although it
survived for ten months, it greatly inspired Kurdish nationalists everywhere.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">b- Partition will interrupt the geographical
contiguity between Iran, Syria and Lebanon, which affects their ability to
support both Hezbollah in Lebanon and the Alawite state in Syria.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">c- More importantly, it prevents the initiation of the
proposed natural gas pipeline running from the Iranian South Pars field towards
Europe via Iran, Iraq, Syria and Lebanon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc452284852"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451340174"><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2- Islamic Caliphate</span></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">This Scenario could get 1% of the approval of the
respondents. It may happens in one case, i.e. a great victory for Islamists and
Jihadists in the war, which is unlikely to happen. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">This is the worst Scenario for the whole region and for the
minorities in the region</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.
Genocides shall be the absolute outcome. Islamic Caliphate laws authorize the
use of terror and public brutality as a means of deterring sins, promoting
righteousness, and for intimidating enemies. Under the caliphate, heretics,
atheists and apostates, or those who have renounced Islam, are put to torture
then death if they are men, however their women should be enslaved- mainly
sexually. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Christians and Jews or the "People of the Book",
by law, may be permitted to live as long as they are submissive to their Muslim
masters, abide by Islamic Sharia, cover their heads, refrain from drinking and
pay additional taxes for safety. Anyone found living outside the borders of
Sharia law, should be lashed, tortured, jailed or killed. Shia and all other
non - Sunni factions of Islam will be seen as apostates by the Jihadists, thus
their absolute penalty is beheading.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Global Powers' stances:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Both USA and Russia will try to prevent the Islamic
Caliphate state from emerging. They will not allow the establishment of the
caliphate, i.e. it is a red line for both states.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Regional powers' positions:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Iran</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> will
fight against the establishment of a Sunni Caliphate for its consequences on
the Shia in the whole region.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Saudi Arabia</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
fears the jihadists' demands of the overthrow of Saud regime, both ISIS and
al-Qaeda loathe the Saudi royal family and have carried out major attacks
inside the kingdom — including a sustained, bloody campaign by al-Qaeda in the
mid-2000s to bring down the Saudi regime, which took years to defeat<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn65" name="_ftnref65" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[65]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Turkey</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> will try
to take advantage of the Caliphate and try to inaugurate a Muslim Brotherhood Caliph.
Then, Turkey may propagate itself as a bridge between the Islamic Caliphate
State and the West (Europe).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc452284853"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451340175"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3-
<span style="background: white;">Chaos / Anarchy</span></span></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">This happens if
the Syrian war turned to an endless protracted one, or if the religious mini-
states (after partition) started to clash.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Two versions for anarchy in the region have
been recalled since 2005; both are catastrophic for the region and for the
minorities living here for more than a two millennia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<u><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1- First call for a "Creative
Chaos" was by the former US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice.<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The
phrase “constructive anarchy” with its variant “the creative chaos” means that
bringing a society to a state of anarchy can have some of the most varied
forms; different dynamics from one situation to another, temporary or long
perspective interests and/ or different results
in terms of scope, impact and consequences. From this point of view, the
essence of the “constructive chaos” was synthesized by Condoleezza Rice who, in
an article hosted by “Washington Post” in April, 2005 stated that “the anarchy
that involves reforms and democratic transformations in the Middle East is a
constructive one to the extent that it can create a much better and more
acceptable situation than the one existing today in this part of the world”.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn66" name="_ftnref66" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[66]</span></span><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Michael
Ledeen, a prominent member of the American Enterprise, conceptualized the
theory of “constructive anarchy” or “constructive destruction”, in its
political acceptance. He explained it in the “Global Change in the Middle East”
project in 2003. “Destruction or positive deconstruction”, the author writes,
“is our highest virtue (American policy) ... It's time for us to once again
export the democratic revolution” and among the first “beneficiaries” of this
export are Iran, Iraq and Syria. The idea was resumed in a political forum of
the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs (JINSA) held in Washington,
where Michael Ledeen argued: “The time of diplomacy has ended. Now it's time to
create a free Iran, a free Syria and free Lebanon”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn67" name="_ftnref67" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[67]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<u><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2- Al Qaeda: "Overwhelming violent
Anarchy" strategy<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">In a publication by ‘Abdullah bin Mohammed’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn68" name="_ftnref68" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[68]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>, entitled "Valuable
Collection for the Strategic Memorandum Series", bin Muhammad sought to
give instructions how could Al Qaeda benefit from the Arab Spring to conquer
and rule the whole region. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The author called for causing an"
overwhelming violent anarchy"; which "will cause us to see
emigrations such as what happened in Palestine, famines such as what happened
in Somalia and massacres such as what happened in the Balkans", predicting
that "the international community will be unable to deal with this
historic magnitude of anarchy. Moreover, it is going to fail to contain the
effect of it on itself"<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn69" name="_ftnref69" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[69]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">He adds, "Continuous anarchy and
sectarian and civil wars will begin to take effect. The effects of the wars
will begin to appear such as migrations, massacres and destruction. Here the
Psyche of these segments of society, who are the greater majority, will be
ready to welcome any power capable of providing security and stability".<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn70" name="_ftnref70" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[70]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The fate of minorities in this scenario is
catastrophic:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Very clearly, Bin Muhammad urges to expel
minorities from the region, claiming that "...</span><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The criminal
record of</span></i><i><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">these minorities
in conspiring against Muslims, especially during the colonial era, where</span></i><i><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">they were the best facilitators for the
colonization against us, is the greatest evidence of</span></i><i><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">that</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">".</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">He emphasizes
that "...<i>This requires of us, based on the principle of securing the
heart of the state that we work at deporting the religious minorities of that
region and make Sham (Levant) the second area that is forbidden to non-Muslims
after the Arab Peninsula. If the question of removing the idolaters from the
Arab Peninsula was a necessity imposed by the provisions of Sharia, then the
deportation of idolaters from Sham is a necessity imposed by the political,
military and cultural reality. The great powers drew up and legislated this
reality, whereby they made these minorities the key to entering the area and
interfering with internal affairs on the pretext of protecting minorities,
human rights and public freedoms</i>"<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn71" name="_ftnref71" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[71]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<u><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">This confirms that the Islamists will
exploit chaos to expel minorities, force them to emigrate, which will - for
sure- happen in a violent way; i.e. genocides.<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Global and regional powers</span></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> may not be able to control chaos. Everyone
knows it's very harmful; however the ability to contain it or prevent the spill
from one state to another is hard to obtain. And most of all, it may spread to
Europe through the huge influx of refugees and the transnational waves of
terrorism.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc452284854"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451340176"><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4- Power - Sharing System</span></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Consociationalism as a power - sharing
solution is one of the discussed solutions for the future of Syria, and it has
been central in the leaked Syrian constitution draft on May 24, 2016.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">It has been accepted just by 3% of the
respondents. This type of solution can be one of the acceptable choices for
protecting minorities in the Levant, despite its shortcomings and un - favorability
among people, based on the Lebanese example and experiences.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Consociationalism is the state where the
major divisions in a country ethnic, religious, or linguistic, are represented
in the political system. It was academically discussed by the political
scientist Arend Lijphart; who identified four key characteristics of
consociational democracies<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn72" name="_ftnref72" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[72]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1- Grand coalition
between the elites, as they recognize the dangers of non-cooperation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2- Mutual veto
which gives a balance of power between diverse communities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">3- Proportionality
in representation in government, administration, police and in other national
and civic segments of society.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">4- Segmental autonomy which allows the application of
different culturally-based community laws.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">A confessional type
of Consociationalism was applied in Lebanon, where the constitution requires
distributing political, institutional and administrative powers equally between
Christians and Muslims, and proportionally among religious sects.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">This system protects minorities' rights and
existence; however, critics of this type point out that such a system may
actually deepen conflicts and sectarianism, decrease the sense of loyalty to
the State, and prevent the development of national identity and citizenship. As
it has been experienced in Lebanon, this system is unjust, where some of the
posts are reserved for certain sects, thus persons are mainly chosen to public
offices based on their religious identity not on their merit and
qualifications.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">This solution was introduced in the leaked
Russian Draft for a new Syrian constitution, which was denied by both Russians
and Assad<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftn73" name="_ftnref73" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[73]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
Both Assad regime and opposition declared that any constitution shall be
written by Syrians themselves.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc452284855"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451340177"><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5- Democratic - Civil States</span></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">This Scenario got the majority approval of
the respondents, and Actually it can be the best solution for all citizens in
the region and for Syria for sure. Despite the fact the civil citizenship has
been fractured by sectarian wars, this solution can be the best way to preserve
the states, national identities and the rights of both majority and minorities
in the Arab Levant.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Either it was called a secular system, or a
civil state which is a more accepted term by Muslims, a democratic - civil
State that abide by Rule of Law and apply good governance can lead to the
development of the Arab Levant states, increase justice, reduce repression, and
maintain fairness for all sects and confessions in the societies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">During their negotiations in Geneva (April
2016); Syrian regime and its allies called for a secular state, while the Saudi
- Turkish backed opposition called for a democratic non- sectarian state.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">This solution has been supported - publicly,
at least- by USA, Russia and Iran in Vienna declaration, and UNSC resolution 2254.
Turkish government fears that the re-
creation of a "secular" state in Syria means that the AKP will be
last Islamist party that governs Turkey.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h1 style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc452284856"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451340178"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-LB;">Conclusion</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-LB;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">A secular (or civil) political system in Syria and stability in Lebanon,
will maintain the minorities presence in the Middle East. Without these
conditions, minorities will face dull future in the region.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Christian Minorities diminished in Palestine and their presence in Jordan
is relatively stable. The instability, terrorism and sectarianism in Iraq may
not encourage minorities to return even after the liberation of Ninewa and the
other Northern provinces. Balance of power in Lebanon prevents the exodus of
minorities. Security and stability are all what is needed to protect Lebanese
minorities and other minorities fleeing from the other neighboring countries
and residing in Lebanon. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">A negotiated settlement in Syria that lead to a secular or a civil State
will help the minorities to rebuild their lives again in that country. Any
other solution may have bad consequences on their existence, rights and dignity.
<br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h1 align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc452284857"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc451340179"><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Selected Bibliography</span></i></a><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></h1>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">A/RES/47/135. Declaration on the Rights of Persons
Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities, 92nd
plenary meeting, 18 December 1992.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Berkes
Niyazi, The Development of Secularism in Turkey, Hurst & Company, London,
1998.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Bin Mohamed Abdullah, Strategic Memorandum,
al-Ma’sada Media, 2011.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Bleaney C. H., "The Turkic Peoples of Syria"
in Margaret Bainbridge (ed.)
"Turkic Peoples Of The World", Routledge, London, 2010, pp. 206–209.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Boztemur Recep, Historical Foundations of
Multiculturalism in the Ottoman Empire, in </span></i><i><span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; padding: 0in;">"Challenges of Multiculturalism in Eastern and Central
Europe", 2004.</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Braude
Benjamin and Lewis Bernard, Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire: The
Functioning of a Plural Society, Holmes and Meier Publisher, London, 1982. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Braude Benjamin, the Ottoman Empire: The Abridged
Edition, Lynne Rienner Publishers, USA, 2014.<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Byman Daniel, Kenneth Michael Pollack, Things Fall
Apart: Containing the Spillover from an Iraqi Civil War, Brookings Institution,
2007.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">CHICAN Dumitru, "Constructive Anarchy” In The
Context Of The New Middle East, Supplement Geostrategic Pulse, Issue No.147,
Thursday 20 June 2013.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">CIA World factbook, available at:
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sy.html <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Crawford Angus, Iraq’s Mandaeans face extinction,
BBC News, March 4, 2007. Available at:
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6412453.stm><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">
E/CN.4/Sub.2/384/Rev.1, Para. 568.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">FACTBOX - Christians in Israel, West Bank and Gaza,
Reuters, May 10, 2009.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Freedom House, Women’s Rights in the Middle East and
North Africa 2010. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Gaunt David, "The Assyrian Genocide of
1915", Assyrian Genocide Research Center, 2009.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Gilles Munier, Les Turcomans Irakiens: un people
oublié ou marginalisé, Le blog de France-Irak Actualité, May 31, 2007.
Available at: <www.gmunier. blogspot.com/2007/05/turcomans-irakiens.html>
<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Glenn H.
Patrick, Legal Traditions of the World, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Hiro Dilip, Neighbors, Not Friends:
Iraq and Iran After the Gulf Wars,</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">
<span style="background: white;">Routledge, USA, 2001.</span><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">HRW, ‘Iraq: ISIS kidnaps Shia Turkmen, destroys
shrines’, 28 June 2014.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">IILHR, Iraq’s Minorities and Other Vulnerable
Groups: Legal Framework, Documentation, and Human Rights, IILHR, Washington, DC
2013.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">IILHR, Iraq’s Minorities and Other Vulnerable
Groups: Legal Framework, Documentation, and Human Rights, Washington, DC,
IILHR, 2013, p. 99.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Jarevich
Barbara, History of the Balkans, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Lalani Mumtaz, Still Targeted: Continued Persecution
of Iraq’s Minorities, MRG, London, June 2010.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Lamani Mukhtar, Minorities in Iraq: The Other
Victims, CIGI Special Report, 2009.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Lewis Bernard, Rethinking the Middle East, Fall 1992,
available at:
https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/middle-east/1992-09-01/rethinking-middle-east<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Lijphart Arend, Democracy in Plural Societies: A
Comparative Exploration, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1977.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Middle East and North Africa State of the World’s
Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2015.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Minority Rights Group
International,</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">
Iraq’s Minorities: Participation in Public Life”, released at 28 November 2011.
Available at: </span></i><a href="http://www.minorityrights.org/11106/reports/iraqs-minorities-participation-in-public-life.html"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">http://www.minorityrights.org/11106/reports/iraqs-minorities-participation-in-public-life.html</span></i></a><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> [accessed May 16, 2016].<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Minority Rights: International Standards and
Guidance for Implementation United Nations Human Rights, Office of the High
commissioner, UN, 2010.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Palmer, Michael D.; Burgess, Stanley M., the
Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Religion and Social Justice, John Wiley &
Sons, 2012.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Puttick Miriam, From Crisis to Catastrophe: The
Situation of Minorities in Iraq, MRG and Ceasefire Centre for Civilian Rights,
London, October 2014.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Rummel Rudolph. J., Statistics Of Democide, Center
for National Security Law, School of Law, University of Virginia,
Charlottesville, Virginia, 1997.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Scheinmann Gabriel, The Map that Ruined the Middle
East, July 2013, available at: http://www.thetower.org/article/the-map-that-ruined-the-middle-east/
[ accessed May16, 2016].<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Taneja Preti, Assimilation, Exodus, and Eradication:
Iraq’s minority communities since 2003, report by Minority Rights Group
International, 2007. On this link: </span></i><a href="http://www.aina.org/reports/mrgi0702.pdf"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">http://www.aina.org/reports/mrgi0702.pdf</span></i></a><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> [accessed May 16, 2016].<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Taneja Preti, Assimilation, Exodus, Eradication :
Iraq’s minority communities since 2003, Minority Rights Group International,
February 11, 2007.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> Umit,
"Geographies of Nationalism and Violence: Rethinking Young Turk ‘Social
Engineering’", in European Journal of Turkish Studies (7), 2008.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">UN Human Rights Council, "Implementation Of
General Assembly Resolution 60/251", 15 March 2006.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">United States Commission on International Religious Freedom
(USCIRF), Annual Report 2013, April 2013, Washington, DC, USCIRF, p. 88.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">United States Commission on International Religious
Freedom (USCIRF), Annual Report 2013, April 2013, Washington, DC, USCIRF, p.
89.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">US department of
State, International Religious Freedom Report for 2014, Bureau of Democracy,
Human Rights and Labor, State of Iraq.</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Wrigh Robin, Imagining a Remapped Middle East, New
York Times, September 28, 2013.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<em><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Yinon Oded, “A strategy for Israel in the
Nineteen Eighties”, Kivunum, translated by Israel Shahak, February 1982.</span></em><i><span style="background: white; border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; padding: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<br />
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<br />
<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> <i>This paper
was presented at ISA conference "Human Rights in an Age of Ambiguity"
in the "Minority and Indigenous Rights" panel, Fordham University, New
York, 13- 15 June, 2016.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> A/RES/47/135. Declaration on the Rights of
Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities,
92nd plenary meeting, 18 December 1992.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Navanethem
Pillay, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Statement on Human Rights Day,
10 December 2009. Available at:
http://www.un.org/en/events/humanrightsday/2009/hc_statement.shtml
[accessed May 18,2016].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> <span style="background: white;">According to
the reports of United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). available at:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/regional.php
[accessed, May 15, 2016]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Recep Boztemur, Historical Foundations of
Multiculturalism in the Ottoman Empire, in </span><span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; padding: 0in;">"Challenges
of Multiculturalism in Eastern and Central Europe", 2004,pp</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">. 6-7.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Benjamin Braude
and Bernard Lewis, Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire: The Functioning
of a Plural Society, Holmes and Meier Publisher, London, 1982. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">2 Ibid, pp. 12-13.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Recep Boztemur,
op.cit</span><span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; padding: 0in;">,p.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Barbara Jarevich, History of the
Balkans,Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990, p. 40.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> These included
the Christian, Jewish, Samaritan and Sabeans communities. for further
illustration of this status, refer to:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> H. Patrick Glenn, Legal Traditions of the
World, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007, pp. 218–219.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> <span style="background: white;">Dilip Hiro, Neighbors, Not Friends: Iraq and Iran
After the Gulf Wars,</span> <span style="background: white;">Routledge, USA,
2001, p. 2</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Benjamin
Braude, the Ottoman Empire: The Abridged
Edition, Lynne Rienner Publishers, USA, 2014.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Niyazi Berkes,
The Development of Secularism in Turkey, Hurst & Company, London, 1998, pp.
144-147.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Ugur Umit Ungor,
"Geographies of Nationalism and Violence: Rethinking Young Turk ‘Social
Engineering’", in European Journal of Turkish Studies (7), 2008.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Rudolph. J.
Rummel, Statistics Of Democide, Center for National Security Law, School of
Law, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 1997.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> David Gaunt,
"The Assyrian Genocide of 1915", Assyrian Genocide Research Center,
2009.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Gabriel
Scheinmann, The Map that Ruined the Middle East, July 2013, available at:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> http://www.thetower.org/article/the-map-that-ruined-the-middle-east/
[ accessed May16, 2016].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div id="ftn18">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> UN Human Rights
Council, "Implementation Of General Assembly Resolution 60/251", 15
March 2006.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div id="ftn19">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Daniel Byman,
Kenneth Michael Pollack, <b>Things Fall Apart: Containing the Spillover from an
Iraqi Civil War</b>, Brookings Institution, 2007, p. 139.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div id="ftn20">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Preti Taneja,
Assimilation, Exodus, and Eradication: Iraq’s minority communities since 2003,
report by Minority Rights Group International, 2007. On this link: </span><a href="http://www.aina.org/reports/mrgi0702.pdf"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">http://www.aina.org/reports/mrgi0702.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> [accessed May
16, 2016].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> <span style="background: white;">Minority Rights Group International,</span> Iraq’s
Minorities: Participation in Public Life”, released at 28 November 2011.
available at: </span><a href="http://www.minorityrights.org/11106/reports/iraqs-minorities-participation-in-public-life.html"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">http://www.minorityrights.org/11106/reports/iraqs-minorities-participation-in-public-life.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> [accessed May
16, 2016].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Check it on many
websites, for example: </span><a href="http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/syria-bashar-al-assad-alawite-opposition-religion"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/syria-bashar-al-assad-alawite-opposition-religion</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">; and <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.turkishnews.com/en/content/2011/05/30/should-syrian-christians-be-afraid/"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">http://www.turkishnews.com/en/content/2011/05/30/should-syrian-christians-be-afraid/</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> [accessed May
16, 2016].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> <i>It is
important to note that reliable and accurate sources for status of minorities
are rare. The problem that faced this study is the contradicting information
and statistics about the number of followers of minority groups, emigrations,
death tolls, freedoms and minority rights. Each party, state, or NGO used
numbers to propagate political agendas and / or cause. Most of the data in this
part (II) has been taken from US department of state reports which were the
most detailed and comprehensive reports found, and because they were -
mostly- based on official statistics and
estimations.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Iraq - Report on
International Religious Freedom, US department of state, 2015.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> US department of
State, International Religious Freedom Report for 2014, Bureau of Democracy,
Human Rights and Labor, State of Iraq, available at: </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> </span><a href="http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2014&dlid=238456"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2014&dlid=238456</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> [accessed May
16, 2016].</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> United States
Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF), Annual Report 2013,
April 2013, Washington, DC, USCIRF, p. 88.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Miriam Puttick,
From Crisis to Catastrophe: The Situation of Minorities in Iraq, MRG and
Ceasefire Centre for Civilian Rights, London, October 2014, p. 5.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Munier Gilles,
Les Turcomans Irakiens: un people oublié ou marginalisé, Le blog de France-Irak
Actualité, May 31, 2007. Available at: <www.gmunier.
blogspot.com/2007/05/turcomans-irakiens.html> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Mumtaz Lalani, Still Targeted: Continued Persecution
of Iraq’s Minorities, MRG, London, June 2010, p. 7.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> IILHR, Iraq’s
Minorities and Other Vulnerable Groups: Legal Framework, Documentation, and
Human Rights, IILHR, Washington, DC 2013, p. 141.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> HRW, ‘Iraq: ISIS
kidnaps Shia Turkmen, destroys shrines’, 28 June 2014.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Palmer, Michael
D.; Burgess, Stanley M., The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Religion and Social
Justice, John Wiley & Sons, 2012, p. 405<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> IILHR, 2013, op.
cit., p.148.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[34]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Mukhtar Lamani,
Minorities in Iraq: The Other Victims, CIGI Special Report, 2009,p.7.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[35]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Puttick, op.
cit., p. 5.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[36]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Lamani, op.cit,
p.7.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[37]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> United States
Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF), Annual Report 2013,
April 2013, Washington, DC, USCIRF, p. 89.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn38">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[38]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Angus Crawford,
Iraq’s Mandaeans face extinction, BBC News, March 4, 2007. Available at:
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6412453.stm><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[39]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Preti Taneja,
Assimilation, Exodus, Eradication : Iraq’s minority communities since 2003,
Minority Rights Group International, February 11, 2007, Available at:
<http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=2805> [ accessed May 16,2016].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[40]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> IILHR, Iraq’s
Minorities and Other Vulnerable Groups: Legal Framework, Documentation, and
Human Rights,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Washington,
DC, IILHR, 2013, p. 99.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[41]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Middle East and
North Africa State of the World’s Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2015, p.241<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[42]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Freedom House,
Women’s Rights in the Middle East and North Africa 2010. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[43]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> US department of
state, religious freedom report, </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm#wrapper<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[44]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Syria bans niqab
from universities, The guardian, 20 July 2010. available at:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/20/syria-bans-niqab-from-universities
[ accessed May 16, 2016]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn45">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[45]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> US department of
state, op. cit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[46]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> CIA World
factbook, available at:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sy.html
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[47]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> C. H. Bleaney,
"The Turkic Peoples of Syria" in
Margaret Bainbridge (ed.) "Turkic Peoples Of The World",
Routledge, London, 2010, pp. 206–209.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn48">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[48]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> ISIS threatens
the Ismaili capital of Syria, al- akhbar English, Mar 06 2015.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn49">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[49]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Jews in Islamic
Countries: Syria. (Updated February 2016)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/syrianjews.html#9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[50]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> US department of
state, Lebanon, op.cit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref51" name="_ftn51" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[51]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">
http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm#wrapper<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn52">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref52" name="_ftn52" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[52]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> - See more at:
http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm#wrapper<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn53">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref53" name="_ftn53" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[53]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> FACTBOX -
Christians in Israel, West Bank and Gaza, Reuters, May 10, 2009.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div id="ftn54">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref54" name="_ftn54" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[54]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Minority Rights:
International Standards and Guidance for Implementation United Nations Human
Rights, Office of the High commissioner, UN, 2010, p. 1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref55" name="_ftn55" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[55]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">On 31 May 2013, the Lebanese
Parliament extended its mandate for 17 months, due to the deadlock over the
electoral law. And, on 5 November 2014, the Parliament enacted another
extension until 20 June 2017, referring it to security concerns.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref56" name="_ftn56" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[56]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
<em><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-style: normal; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Odid Yinon plan was drawn up by
Israel in 1982, he said: “Syria will fall apart, in accordance with its ethnic
and religious structure, into several states such as in present day Lebanon, so
that there will be a Shi’ite Alawi state along its coast, a Sunni state in the
Aleppo area, another Sunni state in Damascus hostile to its northern neighbor,
and the Druzes who will set up a state, maybe even in our Golan… ” (Oded Yinon,
“A strategy for Israel in the Nineteen Eighties”, Kivunum, translated by Israel
Shahak, February 1982.)</span></em><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref57" name="_ftn57" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[57]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> the most
prominent thinker who called for partition was Bernard Lewis in his infamous
article in Foreign Affairs “Rethinking the Middle East.” He advocates a policy for “Lebanonization”of
the Middle East. The plan envisaged breaking Syria up into small fragments with
the territories populated by the Druze and Alawites separated to become independent
mini-states. Lewis wanted to establish new entities: a tiny state on the
territory of Lebanon populated by Maronites, an independent Kurdistan
comprising the Kurds-populated areas of Turkey, Iraq, Syria and Iran, an
independent Shia state in Iraq...", <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Bernard
Lewis, Rethinking the Middle East, Fall 1992,
available at:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/middle-east/1992-09-01/rethinking-middle-east<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref58" name="_ftn58" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[58]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Army Lt. Col.
(ret.) Ralph Peters published it in the June 2006 Armed Forces Journal. In
“Blood Borders”, Peters suggested that a reimagining of Middle Eastern and
Asian borders along ethnic, sectarian and tribal lines might ease regional
tensions. For more info, check online:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">http://armedforcesjournal.com/peters-blood-borders-map/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref59" name="_ftn59" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[59]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Robin Wrigh,
Imagining a Remapped Middle East, New York Times, September 28, 2013.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref60" name="_ftn60" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[60]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Brooks: Joe
Biden’s Idea To Divide Iraq Looks ‘Smarter and Smarter’, 30 May 2015,available
at:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">http://www.breitbart.com/video/2015/05/30/brooks-joe-bidens-idea-to-divide-iraq-looks-smarter-and-smarter/[accessed,
May 21, 2016].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref61" name="_ftn61" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[61]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> in John Kerry's
Speech, Austria, May 17, 2016, he said:
we "have agreed on a basic framework, which is a united Syria,
nonsectarian, that is able to choose its future through a transitional
governing body which is, in effect, the implementation of the Geneva
process". Available at:
http://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2016/05/257311.htm [accessed, May 21,
2016].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref62" name="_ftn62" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[62]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Unacceptable’:
Lavrov blasts Biden idea on splitting Iraq into parts, 24 Aug, 2015. available
at:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">https://www.rt.com/news/313274-lavrov-splitting-iraq-biden/
[accessed, May 21, 2016]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref63" name="_ftn63" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[63]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Russia says
federal model is possible for Syria in future, Feb 29, 2016. Available at:
http://in.reuters.com/article/mideast-crisis-russia-syria-idINKCN0W21TP [
accessed May 21, 2016].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref64" name="_ftn64" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[64]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Draft Syrian
constitution promotes decentralization and minority rights, Rudaw 26/5/2016,
available at:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/260520162
[ accessed May 28, 2016].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref65" name="_ftn65" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[65]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Jennifer
Williams, The Saudi Arabia problem: why a country at war with jihadists also
fuels them, Vox, December 1, 2015. Available at:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> http://www.vox.com/2015/12/1/9821466/saudi-problem-isis
[accessed May 18, 2016].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref66" name="_ftn66" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[66]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Dumitru CHICAN,
"Constructive Anarchy” In The Context Of The New Middle East, Supplement
Geostrategic Pulse, Issue No.147, Thursday 20 June 2013.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref67" name="_ftn67" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[67]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> <b> </b>in Jewish World Review, 24 June 2003.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref68" name="_ftn68" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[68]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> He is one of the
most important Al-Qaeda thinkers and strategists.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref69" name="_ftn69" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[69]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Abdullah bin
Mohamed, Strategic Memorandum, al-Ma’sada Media, 2011, p. 7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref70" name="_ftn70" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[70]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Ibid, p.8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref71" name="_ftn71" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[71]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> ibid, pp.43-44.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn72">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref72" name="_ftn72" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[72]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Arend Lijphart,
Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration, Yale University
Press, New Haven, 1977.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn73">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20desktop/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A.docx#_ftnref73" name="_ftn73" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">[73]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Syria denies
Russian constitution rumours, 28 May 2016, available at: at:
http://www.skynews.com.au/news/world/mideast/2016/05/28/syria-denies-russian-constitution-rumours.html#sthash.0XWwBVHb.dpuf
[ accessed May 29, 2016].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Leila Nicolashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13039807238438755745noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6682320621634513985.post-67827389968914086092016-06-30T18:02:00.001+03:002017-05-17T16:14:28.681+03:00Dr. Leila Nicolas_ presenting herself @ Bard college<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Leila Nicolashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13039807238438755745noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6682320621634513985.post-13679483102740608762016-06-16T12:26:00.001+03:002020-11-16T12:28:06.569+02:00Dignity For All: A Universal Concept with Relative Meaning<p> </p><p align="center" class="normalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="normalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="normalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="normalCxSpLast" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dignity For All: A Universal Concept with
Relative Meaning<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Leila Nicolas PhD<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">"Overcoming poverty is not a gesture of charity. It is as act of
justice. It is the protection of a fundamental human rights, the right to
dignity and a decent life". </span></i></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: right;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Nelson Mandella, Trafalgar Square speech,3 Feb.
2005.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<h1><a name="_Toc452032514"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Introduction</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Nowadays, Dignity is
the main concept being discussed at the international, academic, and political
levels; it has made a central issue of the refugee problems in Europe, in
attacking poverty in Africa, in the areas of bioethics, in the homosexual
rights, and in the international academic and political contexts. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In their
preambles, both The United Nations Charter (1945)<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> and Universal Declaration
of Human Rights (1948) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>emphasized on the
respect of "dignity"<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. It was directly after the WWII,
that drafters of the Charter recognized that prevention of war necessitates the
respect of human dignity.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpFirst"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
world today is witnessing a wave of progressive changes raising awareness of respect
of human rights and fundamental freedoms, beginning with the Millennium
Development Goals in 2000 and carried on with the Sustainable Development Goals
launched by the United Nations in 2015, which referred to “Dignity for All” as
a universal goal. With the spread of these ideals, there is an emphasis on the
dignity of human beings , which paves the way for a sustainable society that
respects all human rights for all people everywhere.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Human dignity became attached to human rights, i.e. to conform to human
rights is to preserve human dignity. “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">When
we deny others their dignity we risk at the same time losing our humanity</i>”.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpLast"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Latterly, criticism arose that the
notion of dignity which has been widely and repeatedly used by social
scientists, politicians, human rights' activists in a variety of contexts is
vague. Paradoxically, dignity is at the core of a debate as an argument used by
opposing sides when defending or deploring abortion, euthanasia, honor killing
or death penalty. As the discourse continues, different approaches to human
dignity only add to the confusion and ambiguity of the term over its usefulness
and proper applicability in practice. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1><a name="_Toc452032515"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Research and methodology</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="DefaultCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This research seeks to fill the
research gap that exists regarding the definition given by ordinary people to
dignity. Most of the publications about dignity refer to ideas and views of
academicians, political scientists, and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>UN practitioners. Little - if any- had asked ordinary people, students,
housewives and low - wage workers how do they define dignity. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="DefaultCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Besides, The UN has put
"dignity for all" as a goal in its post- millennium agenda, without
trying to define exactly what is dignity in the Secretary - General
understanding.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No one has ever asked the
UN - post millennium agenda- targeted population: what does dignity really mean
for you?.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normal"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Trying to fill this gap and answer
the main question : </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Can
a concept as vague as human dignity represent a feasible goal for humanity?</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, this paper utilizes secondary sources about<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the development of dignity as a notion and
concept, and relies on a questionnaire <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and interviews- conducted by group of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>university students - choosing a </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">random sample that
includes mainly Middle Easterners and Europeans, university students and
workers, fresh graduates and elders etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpFirst"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This
paper will be divided into two main parts; the first part will elaborate the
evolution of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the concept of dignity
throughout history ( philosophically and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>in international transcripts), and subsequently discuss dignity as a
goal of the United Nations. In the second part, we will present the results of
the survey and analyze the findings.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpLast"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h1><a name="_Toc452032516"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Part I- Dignity: From a Concept to a Goal</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Till now,
there is no internationally agreed definition as to what is in the term
"dignity", some define it as </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"respect
that other people have for you or that you have for yourself"<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a>.
Miriam Webster dictionary defines it as "</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the quality of being
worthy of honor or respect"<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>,
while Cambridge dictionary defines it as "the importance and value that a
person has, that makes other people respect them or makes them respect
themselves"<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">From various definitions, we notice that
that dignity is about respect (for self and granted to us by others). To the
contrary, dignity is not the same as respect. Dignity is our inherent value and
worth as human beings; everyone is born with it. Respect, on the other hand, is
earned through one’s actions<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
It is more than just respect. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h2><a name="_Toc452032517"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A- Human dignity in philosophical
ideas</span></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Since Greek
mythology 2500 BC till now, the concept of dignity has been an ever- changing
concept. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sophocles' proverb “Better to die with dignity than
to live in shame”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a> is
one example of the traces of dignity in the ancient philosophy. However, in </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Greek and Roman
political thought, dignity was given only to people with special status, class
and rank.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">‘Dignitas hominis’ in classical Roman thought usually meant ‘status of
honor and respect’ which was provided to someone only who was worthy of that
honor and respect because he has a particular status<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Even women, in
Greek society, were denied "degnitas". <span style="background: white;">So,
appointment to particular public offices brought with it 'dignitas' to male
adults.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plato’s<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and
Aristotle’s works have also contributed to the understanding of dignity though
relating dignity closely to social class. Aristotle's books give differentiated
meanings of dignity for each social group<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a>. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Cicero, emphasized
that "dignity" is what differentiate man from animals "in their
reason and desire .... Man’s mind is developed by study and reflection … . From
this we may learn that sensual pleasure is wholly unworthy of the dignity of
the human race". <a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Monotheistic Religious doctrines, whether that of
Judaism, Christianity or Islam, all share a common view of dignity, which is
pivotal for every human being and is the basis of everyone’s life, however
relating it to abidance of God's will and teachings as it is taught by the
religious institution . A human being preserves his God-given dignity and grows
in it <i><u>only</u></i> if he lives in accordance with moral norms because
these norms express the primordial and therefore authentic human nature not
darkened by sin. Thus, there is a direct link between human dignity and
morality<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In his infamous '<i>On
the Law of War and Peace' </i>(1625), Grotius considered human dignity is
inherent for both dead and alive, saying "....[T]he most obvious
explanation is to be found in the dignity of man, who surpassing other
creatures, it would be a shame, if his body was left to be devoured by beasts
of prey"<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Thomas Aquinas and
Renaissance philosophers, combined the "two God's gifts"; i.e.
dignity and reason. Using reason, therefore, came to be closely connected with
the idea of dignity, thus dignity is related to responsibility; and Man's
ability to choose to be what he wants to be.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dignity concept kept
sticking to God, till </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Immanuel Kant
(1724-1804)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. Actually, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kant can be regarded as the "the father
of the modern concept of human dignity"<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was the first to relate dignity to humans;
emphasizing that "human dignity requires that individuals should be
treated as ends and not simply as means to an end"<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">His remarkable approach lies in his consideration that the humanity of
the person is worthy of respect since 'humanity itself is dignity'. For him,
dignity is closely tied with value and respect for others stressing the
non-instrumentalisation of human persons.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Thanks to The French
Revolution (1789) through the provisions of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>the 'Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen'<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> that "dignity"
was extended to every citizen on basis of ‘ the natural dignity of man’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> which meant that the value
of a human is not to be judged anymore on noble heritage, economic capacity and
contribution, but to all citizens equally.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The nineteenth
century calls for social reforms widened the scope of dignity and connected
between dignity and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>improvement of
social conditions, providing social welfare, and abolition of slavery<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Then, it was in the twentieth century, that
human dignity was articulated in the international texts and national constitutions.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normal"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
German sociologist Jurgen Habermas intrigued that the concept of human dignity,
present in antiquity and the thoughts of Kant, only resurfaced at the end of
World War II. He noticed that prior to that time, all international conventions
and covenants had been related only to human rights, disregarding human
dignity. However, despite the common view of the supremacy and precedence of
human rights over human dignity, Habermas finds a conceptual connection between
both of them. Human rights aim to spread core moral values on all people of the
world, thus assuring all the maxims that the UN preaches are effectuated,
whereas human dignity is seen to be a prerequisite of the implementation of
human rights.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2><a name="_Toc452032518"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">B- Human Dignity in international
Human Rights' transcripts</span></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Some authors refer to Dijon Declaration adopted in
July 1936, as the first trace of international text referring to human dignity
quoting ‘respect for human dignity and civilized behavior ’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. Actually, that was an achievement
of a nongovernmental organization "The French League of Human Rights"
as a Complement to the French revolution "Declaration of the Rights of Man
and of the Citizen".<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpFirst"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Human
dignity was a core notion in the Charter of the United Nations (1945). It reads
“the peoples of the United Nations” are “determined” to achieve dignity<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a>. It
is clear that the founding documents of the United Nations linked human rights
to human dignity as an apparent reaction to war crimes and massacres committed
during WWII. </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpLast"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Likewise,
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) in Article I states:”All human
beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with
reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of
brotherhood.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interestingly, at the first meeting of United
Nations Commission on Human Rights, a debate arose between the representatives
of the USSR, USA and Lebanon concerning human rights and the position of an
individual within his state. The Soviet representative claimed that since the
state was indispensable in protecting humans and therefore their rights, the
priority should be given to the state, whereas Eleanor Roosevelt - representing
the United States of America - defended the need to protect and promote human
rights at first. Resolving this issue, Charles Malik of Lebanon suggested that
the state should serve human rights since its primary purpose of existence is
its people. Consequently, priority was given to human rights.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Geneva Conventions
(1948)<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> and its protocols I and
II, adopted the respect of human dignity and prohibited humiliating and
degrading treatments. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Following their
adoption, those documents inspired many new independent states to assert the
respect of human dignity while drafting their constitutions. Before 1945, only
five countries<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a>
used the term "dignity" in their constitutions, while at the close of
2012, there were 162 countries have done so. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpFirst"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Unfortunately,
it is worth pointing out that despite UN’s efforts to propagate human rights
and dignity, it fails to acquire credibility and effectiveness. Only in recent
decades, dignity has become at the foundation of the international human rights
system and subsequently played an irreplaceable role in international courts. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><u><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><u><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“Dignity
for all” as a post-2015 United Nations Development Goal<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In
the first era of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) (2000), the UN didn't
mention dignity as one of the promised goals to help poor countries and cutting
the amount of extreme poverty worldwide in half by 2015. </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It
was in 2013, that the UN Secretary - General referred to dignity and correlated
it to development in his report “A Life of Dignity for All”, which was an
annual report addressing the progress in the implementation of the (MDGs) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>until 2015, and to make recommendations for
further steps to advance the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Fortunately,
The MDGs succeeded, even before 2015, in cutting by half extreme poverty around
the world, and dropping the estimated share of the developing-world population
living on less than $1.25 per day from 43 percent in 1990 to roughly 21 percent
in 2010. Many millennium development goals had been reached, not due to the
efforts of the United Nations and its partners only, but by many actors around
the world have been working towards more development and prosperity such as
China, and other rising Asian countries.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
progress was not enough, as Mr. Adib Nehme - ESCWA high official- has stated <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Although significant achievements have been
made on many of the MDG targets worldwide, progress has been uneven across
regions and countries, leaving significant gaps. Millions of people are being
left behind, especially the poorest and those disadvantaged because of their
sex, disability, ethnicity or geographic location. Targeted efforts will be
needed to reach the most vulnerable people.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></sup></b><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a></i></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">"Dignity"
became the core in the new UN agenda aiming towards developing all countries of
the world from 2015 until 2030. Meeting in September 2015, on the 70th
anniversary of the United Nations, the heads of state, governments and high
representatives agreed on a plan of action to be implemented between the years
2015 and 2030, which included 17 Sustainable Development Goals<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a>.
The "Road to Dignity" involved Ending Hunger and All poverty,
Transforming All Lives, reducing Inequalities, and Protecting the Planet.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[33]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Looking
at the 17 goals, it is clear that dignity is now strictly related to
development. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpLast"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h1><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<h1><a name="_Toc452032519"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Part II: Results and Findings</span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc452032519;"></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="normal"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h2><a name="_Toc452032520"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A-Questionnaire: Sample Selection
& Results</span></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p class="normalCxSpFirst"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Our
survey was conducted on March - April, 2016<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>by a group of researchers residing in Lebanon, through direct
interaction with the respondents across Lebanon, and online with non -
Lebanese. The sample constituted of 250 questionnaires, which were conducted
randomly on heterogeneous populations mainly of Middle Easterners and
Europeans, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>i.e. 85%<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Arabs and 15% foreigners<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(EU Nationals 12%<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3%
Other).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Age
of the respondents:</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">47%
of the respondents are university students (18-25) for they are more likely to
know about the UN goals.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Respondents
according to their gender:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Nationalities<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Most
of the Arab respondents were Lebanese, the rest were from Syria, Jordan,
Palestine, Tunis, Algeria, Iraq, Egypt and Kuwait. 12% are Europeans; i.e. from
the United Kingdom, France, Denmark, Italy, Spain, Slovakia and Germany. The
rest (3%) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>are Americans, Armenians and Turks.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">50
% of the respondents are working, 39% are students, 9% are studying and
working, while just 2% are unemployed.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1- How do you understand dignity?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">25%
related to human rights, freedom and equality</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">23%
related to respect and self-respect</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">22%<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a human value</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">15%
a right to a decent life</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">7%
related to integrity and pride</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2%
related to my nation</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4% <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>an abstract notion / non existing notion<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
majority refer to dignity as an individual and subjective matter. It is
remarkable that those 4% denying the existence of dignity constitute of both
Arabs and Europeans. <o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2- Is dignity a right that belongs to everyone?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">90%
of the respondents saw dignity as a right belonging to everyone. Out of 10% of
those who disagreed; 7% saw it as a right to be deserved and not given, and 3%
found the notion too ambiguous to be considered everyone’s right.</span></i><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
answers (1,2) reveal that dignity is still an ambiguous concept, not defined
exactly even in the minds of humans. It was the Palestinians who related
dignity to the existence of a homeland.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3. Has your understanding of dignity improved
with age?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">82%
of the respondents have experienced a change in their understanding for
dignity, while 12% have maintained the same understanding without any change as
they grew older.</span></i><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4- How do you evaluate the correlation between
dignity and the following conditions?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Around
One third of the respondents see <i>no correlation between dignity and
financial situation.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">More
than 75% have pointed to a <i>strong correlation between dignity and both
justice and equality.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A
little over 50% find a strong <i>correlation between dignity and security. Note
that security concerns and instability in the Arab region may explain the high
percentages (more than 50%) correlating dignity and security.</i></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Almost
50% see a <i>strong correlation between dignity and both national affiliation
and a clean environment</i>.<i> It is important to note that the survey was
conducted during a garbage crisis in Lebanon, this may explain the high
percentages that correlate dignity to clean environment. <o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">N.B:
Whereas national affiliation is strongest amongst Middle Easterners, a clean
environment was more important to Europeans and - to some extent - Lebanese
respondents.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Less
than 50% <i>strongly correlate dignity to free education. Most of those aged
between 18 and 25, and have defined dignity as related to human rights, fundamental
freedoms and equality.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Whilst
almost 75% find a <i>strong correlation between dignity and both equal
opportunities and retirement insurance benefits.</i></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
majority of those are Arabs living in developing countries, and still striving
for their basic rights.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5. Dignity is:</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It
is remarkable that </span></i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><u><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">none of the respondents</span></u></i></b><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, of which 85% were Arabs,
related dignity to religion.</span></i><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></i><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">While 42% reasserted that
dignity is a human right and 43% as a basis of all human rights and not a right
by itself.</span></i><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The ambiguity of the concept is
thus reconfirmed, for </span></i><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">15% said that dignity is a personal feeling Hence,
not a right, even though 90% of the respondents in (Q.2) have already stated
that dignity is a human right.</span></i><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">what the respondents are sure of (
through their answers) that dignity is not related to religion or by the
abidance of religious - moral teachings, which contradicts with the religious
definition of human dignity.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">6. Do you consider that you live in a complete
dignity?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Only
33.3% consider themselves living in complete dignity.</span></i><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> The result shows that </span></i><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">even after the progress and success in achieving the
Millennium Development Goals; 66.7%<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of
the respondents <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>still consider they
don't live in complete dignity.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">it
is important to note that both EU nationals and Arabs alike said that they
don't live in complete dignity.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">7. Is your State playing a role in maintaining
your dignity?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">40.4%
of the respondents live in countries where their dignity is not maintained by
the State. Just 16.2% considers feel that their states play a significant role
in maintaining their dignity.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
result was surprising noting that EU nationals and Arabs alike constitute this
majority.</span></i><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">8. Dignity:</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">65%
find dignity as inherent to a human being, 21% see dignity as acquired through
one’s doings and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Just 2% relate their
dignity to adhering to the principles of their religions. Of those who do not
relate dignity to any of the given options (12%), some see dignity as regulated
through constitutions and laws (2%), or as both inherent and should be
maintained through work and behavior (4%), while 5% related dignity to having
other rights and freedoms, while 1% find dignity to be too vague as a concept.</span></i><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We see that the respondents are unsure of what
is dignity. 65% ascertain dignity as inherent to a human being, and most of
them are Europeans. While the 21% relating dignity to one’s own achievements
are mostly Arabs and have to constantly prove themselves in a society where law
is of the fittest, and human rights are not respected. <o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Once again, the relation between
dignity and religious practices gets a negligible amount of acceptance.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">9. Mention a thing, act or law that affects your
dignity:</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">24%
discrimination and racism</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">21%
discriminatory laws/lack of laws</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">16%
corruption</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">13%
disrespect for people and their rights</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">7%
violence</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2%
lack of political participation</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5 %
unemployment</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3%
statelessness and displacement</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1%
nothing</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">7%
no answer<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Given
that most of the respondents live in developing countries, it is not surprising
to see corruption and discrimination at the top of the list of things that
violate their human dignity. Most of the Europeans didn't answer this question,
or said that they have never felt that their dignity is being affected
negatively.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">10. Do you know United Nation’s definition of
“Dignity for all”?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Only
34% of the respondents know the UN definition and the goal of “Dignity for All”,
more than 50% do not. Noting that 48% of the respondents are University
students <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(39% students + 9% working and
studying), it means that the UN outreach strategy promoting the post-
Millennium agenda needs improvement.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">11. If yes, do you think that the UN’s efforts to
achieve "dignity for all" are sufficient?</span></b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Just
around<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6% feels that the UN is doing
sufficient efforts to achieve dignity for all goals. More than half of the
respondents see the efforts of the United Nations are insufficient.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The high percentage of “No Answer”
is probably due to not knowing the efforts undertaken by the United Nations,
and thus not being able to assess the results of unknown work, which confirms
our previous conclusion that the UN outreach strategy has been failing.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">12. .Mention a right that you do not truly
exercise:</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">29%
the right to security and health</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">26%
political rights</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">16%
freedom of speech</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">9%
equality</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4%
right to a clean environment</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3%
right to free education</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3 %
right to self determination<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2%
right to cheap entertainment<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">8 %
none</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Respondents
living in developing countries, emphasized on their right to vote (26%) or
freedom of speech, (16%), plus basic human rights and fundamental freedoms.</span></i><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Europeans
said they strive for their right to cheap entertainment, and some of them had
never thought of a right they have never exercised.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">13. In your opinion, does dignity vary between
developing and developed countries?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Yes
82%<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No 14%<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4% no answer<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">14. In your opinion, does the understanding of
dignity vary between rich and poor?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Yes
72%<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No 20%<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>8% no answer <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Although
less than 25% of the respondents believed of a strong correlation between
dignity and financial situation in Q3,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>82% realize that the concept varies between developing and developed
countries, and 72 % see that dignity vary between rich and poor.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">15.In your opinion, is dignity a new concept that
appeared with the emergence of human rights, or it has been since the dawn of
humanity?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">47%
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>started with humanity</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">25%
appeared and evolved with human rights</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">18%
appeared with humanity but evolved along human rights</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3%
dignity is an ever-evolving concept</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3%
dignity is not felt/implemented</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4%
no answer</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">16. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Do
you think that respecting human rights and providing dignity for all creates a
better world?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpLast"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">91.8%
think that respecting human rights and providing dignity for all creates a
better world, which confirms the new vision of the UN on Post- millennium goals
and road map.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<h2><a name="_Toc452032521"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">B- Findings’ Analysis and Evaluation</span></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p class="normalCxSpFirst"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Our
research prove that:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The term "human dignity"
has no accepted definition, it is so ambiguous that it hasn't just been defined
by various respondents in different ways, but even, defined diversely by the
same respondent.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Despite its ambiguity, the notion
coheres with certain ideas, like inherent rights, having certain value and
respect. </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Justice and equality, equal
opportunities and retirement insurance benefits are regarded as essential for a
dignified life.</span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">dignity is also attached to the
right of a people to self-determination.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The definition of dignity
is affected by culture, nationality and life experiences.<i> <o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">people’s definitions also varied
with respect to the age, financial status, living conditions, and the place
they live.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Respondents'
views vary according to</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
social status; working respondents strive for more security and health, more
respect, whereas students showed a desire for more freedoms, free education and
freedom of speech.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Some still believe that dignity is
not a right by itself but rather as deserved status acquired through one’s
doings!. It was astonishing that some people in the 21st century, still believe
in a concept that has changed dramatically since the enlightenment era, and the
French revolution.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dignity raises a conflict between
theory and practice; in theory, dignity is a right belonging to everyone,
irrespective of financial status, however in practice, dignity is still
strongly tied to wealth and financial stability. for example: many of the
respondents have refused to strongly correlate dignity to financial status,
even though they mostly agreed that dignity does differ between rich and poor.
Likewise, they saw a difference in dignity between developed and developing
nations. </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Almost half of the respondents do
not feel that efforts of the United Nations are enough and sufficient, and this
shows a lack of trust in the international organization charged with the
mission of spreading and maintaining human rights and dignity for all people
everywhere. </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As the lack of human rights
protection in general is more common in Arab countries, perhaps the gap in the
perception of dignity between Europeans and Arabs can be clarified in the words
of Mr. Adib Nehme:</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> “</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Having dignity is
experienced as being the opposite of experiencing humiliation of the self. A
clear understanding of dignity therefore emerges when it is lost. Surely, it is
often easier for a human being to know when his dignity is violated than to be
aware of when his dignity is intact. Feelings such as in the case of being a
victim of inequality perpetrated on him, which makes the rich richer and the
poor poorer, while 10 super rich billionaires are drawing out the greater part
of the global wealth; these reflect what dignity for all is all about.”</span></i><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[34]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hence,
dignity is a universal concept but as clearly demonstrated, it’s a universal
concept with relative meaning.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It’s relative related
to age, gender, nationality, social status, life experiences, and financial
situations.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hence,
we go back to our main Question: Can a concept as vague as human dignity
represent a feasible goal for humanity?.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I
suppose that, using a universal concept with relative meaning and no specified
definitions, make the UN benefits this 'constructive ambiguity'. dignity can
mean everything and sometimes it means different things according to the
culture, economic standing and backgrounds of diverse societies. thus, the UN
implementation can take diverse means to tailor a population - based solutions
under the wide umbrella of "dignity".<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpLast"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Thus,
from our findings we can recommend that first of all, the UN should creatively
use the 'constructive ambiguity' to adapt diverse solutions based on country's
own characteristics; traditions, culture, laws, norms…and second, the UN should
work on its outreach strategy, and try to publicize post- agenda goals
especially in classrooms.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1><a name="_Toc452032522"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Conclusion</span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc452032522;"></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="normalCxSpFirst"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In
a world where money is the motivator and interests are the fuel, there can be
no true implementation of human rights, no respect for human dignity and no
security for a human being, if we don't stand for our humanity. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In
our minds, dignity reflects the legacy of Kant’s philosophy and signifies
enjoying freedom, having an expanding scope of rights. Every person has a
value, so does every act and thought; therein lies dignity. Although the notion
became generally accepted and recognized as a value regardless of the
socio-cultural differences, and became as an indispensable part of political,
social and bioethical discourses, it has no accurate widely accepted definition
and no uniform application in reality. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
ambiguity of the concept makes it hard to ascertain, whether dignity is just
one amongst all the human rights, a consequence of the latter, or the causative
of such rights. Similarly, what could be noticed is confusion between the
concept of human dignity as something which is inherent in all human beings,
and the term “dignity” or “dignified” in connotation with status and
self-respect in every-day usage<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[35]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a>.
One of the contemporary philosophers, Thomas Christiano, views dignity as a
value, but with relative weight.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[36]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a>
Not only has dignity a different meaning for every human, considering his
innate uniqueness, it also entails paradoxes, is relative, and its
interpretation vary radically with time, place and person. </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">While
achieving all the Sustainable Development Goals will definitely lead to
creation of a better world, cooperation with local policy makers is needed to
make a noticeable change in lives of ordinary people. Therefore, the
'constructive ambiguity' shaped in the term dignity can be the most effective
way to implement tailor- made solutions for different societies.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpLast"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;"><a name="_Toc452032523"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Selected bibliography</span></i></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc452032523;"></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></h1>
<p class="normalCxSpFirst"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Christiano
Thomas, Annual Review of Law and Ethics, Verlag Duncker and Humblot, Berlin,
2008.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Habermas
Jurgen, “The Concept of Human Dignity and the Realistic Utopia of Human
Rights”, Metaphilosophy, volume 4, issue 4, July 2010.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sensen
Oliver, Kant on Human Dignity, Walter de Gruyter & Co, Germany, 2011.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sophocles.
Antigone<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">,</i> translated by E. H.
Plumptre. Vol. VIII, Part 6. The Harvard Classics. New York: P.F. Collier &
Son, 1909–14; Bartleby.com, 2001, available at:</span><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/8/6/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></a><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/8/6/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">www.bartleby.com/8/6/</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Markhgeim
M.V., Novikova A.E., Tonkov E.E. , Pozharova L.A., Personal Dignity in the
ancient Philosophical-Legal Agenda, Medwell Journals, 2015,Russia, available
at: http://docsdrive.com/pdfs/medwelljournals/sscience/2015/1273-1276.pdf</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Macmillian,
Macmillian English Dictionary for advanced learners, Second Edition, Macmillian
Publishers Limited, United Kingdom, 2007.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">J.
McArthur, “Own the Goals: What the Millennium Development Goals Have
Accomplished”, in Foreign Affairs, March/April 2013 Issue, available at:</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><a href="http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2013/02/21-millennium-dev-goals-mcarthur"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2013/02/21-millennium-dev-goals-mcarthur</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Riley
Stephen, Human dignity: comparative and conceptual debates, 6 INT’L J. L. IN
CONTEXT 117, 131, 2010.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rosen
M., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dignity: Its History and Meaning</i>,
Harvard University Press, USA, 2012.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Economic
and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA), An Arab Perspective on the Post
2015 Agenda:National targets, regional priorities and global goal, United
Nations, 2014.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Constitutión
Política de los Estdos Unidos Mexicanos [C.P] as amended, Diario Official de la
Federación [DO]. art. 3(1)(c), 5 de Febrero de 1917 (Mex.); Const. of Weimar
Germany, 1919, art. 151 (F.R.G); Const. of Finland, 1919, Sec. 1(1); Const. of
Ireland, 1922, pmbl.; Const. of Cuba, 1940, art. 20.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Redclift,
Michael. "Sustainable development (1987–2005): an oxymoron comes of
age." <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sustainable development</i>
13.4 (2005): 212-227.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Doody,
Justin, “Are more sustainable societies happier?”, March 15, 2015, available
at:</span><a href="http://deliver2030.org/?p=6817"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">
http://deliver2030.org/?p=6817</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Smith
C., “The UN Human Rights Council and the Inherent Dignity of the Human Person”,
available at:</span><a href="http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1272&context=hrbrief%5blast"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">
http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1272&context=hrbrie</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Stewart
Francis, “One flaw in the sustainable development goals may make the difference
between success and failure”, The Elders, September 17, 2015 available at:</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><a href="http://theelders.org/article/one-flaw-sustainable-development-goals-may-make-difference-between-success-and-failure"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">http://theelders.org/article/one-flaw-sustainable-development-goals-may-make-difference-between-success-and-failure</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">UN
General Assembly, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 10 December 1948, 217
A (III), available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3712c.html.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">United
Nations, Charter of the United Nations, 24 October 1945, 1 UNTS XVI, available
at:</span><a href="http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3930.html"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></a><a href="http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3930.html"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3930.html</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sustainable
Development knowledge platform,Sustainable Development Goals, avaiable at:</span><a href="https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdgs"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdgs</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">United
Nations, Synthesis Report of the Secretary-General on the Post-2015 Agenda,
USA, 2014, available at:</span><a href="http://www.un.org/disabilities/documents/reports/SG_Synthesis_Report_Road_to_Dignity_by_2030.pdf"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">
http://www.un.org/disabilities/documents/reports/SG_Synthesis_Report_Road_to_Dignity_by_2030.pdf</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">United
Nations Secretary-General,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“A life of
dignity for all : accelerating progress towards the Millennium Development
Goals and advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015”, New
York, 26 July 2013 (A/68/202).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Global
Reporting Initiative, Global Reporting Initiative Statement , USA, 2015<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>https://www.globalreporting.org/resourcelibrary/GRI_Statement_UN_SG_Synthesis_Report_Post2015.pdf.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">http://www.unece.org/sustainable-development/sustainable-development/home.html</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="normalCxSpLast"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/6773Implementing%20the%20SDGs%20in%20an%20Integrated%20Manner_OWG8.pdf</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Paper
presented at the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Academic Council on UN System
- Annual meeting<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>" Meeting the
Challenges of Development and Dignity", Fordham University, NY, 16 -18
June, 2016.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
It reads "We the peoples of the united nations determined to reaffirm
faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human
person..."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
It assures that "....[R]ecognition of the inherent dignity and of the
equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the
foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world".<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="normal" style="line-height: normal;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-highlight: white;">M. Rosen</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-highlight: white;">,</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Dignity: Its History and Meaning, Harvard
University Press, USA, 2012.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="normal" style="line-height: normal;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Macmillian, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Macmillian English Dictionary for advanced learners</b>, Second
Edition, Macmillian Publishers Limited, United Kingdom, 2007.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dignity<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/dignity<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.9pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
Donna Hicks, What Is the Real Meaning of Dignity, Apr 10, 2013. Available at:
https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/dignity/201304/what-is-the-real-meaning-dignity-0<span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="normal" style="line-height: normal;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #000020; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-highlight: white;">Sophocles. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Antigone</b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">,</i> translated by E. H. Plumptre. Vol. VIII, Part 6. The Harvard
Classics. New York: P.F. Collier & Son, 1909–14; Bartleby.com, 2001,
available at: </span><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/8/6/"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-highlight: white; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">www.bartleby.com/8/6</span></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
<span style="background: white; color: black;">Christopher McCrudden, Human dignity
and judicial interpretation of human rights.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>EJIL
19 (2008), 655 – 724<span class="ref-journal"><span style="background: white;">.</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="normal" style="line-height: normal;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> M. V. Markhgeim, A. E. Novikova, E. E. Tonkov
,L. A. Pozharova, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Personal Dignity in
the ancient Philosophical-Legal Agenda</b>, Medwell Journals, 2015,Russia,
available at:
http://docsdrive.com/pdfs/medwelljournals/sscience/2015/1273-1276.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
Quoted in Christopher McCrudden, op.cit, p. 657.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In
Judaism, 'Kevod HaBeriyot' means 'honor and 'dignity',<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is related to those who honor God, citing
this verse "it is said: 'For those who honor Me (God) I will honor, and
those who scorn Me shall be degraded' (Samuel I 2:30)" Mishnah (Avot 4:1).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For Russian Orthodox Church view, see:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">http://orthodoxrights.org/documents/russian-church-freedom-and-rights/i-human-dignity-as-a-religious-and-ethical-category
[ accessed May 2, 2016].<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">For Catholic view, see:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">http://www.catholicsocialteaching.org.uk/themes/human-dignity/
[ accessed May 2, 2016].<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">For Islamic view:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">http://islamicstudies.islammessage.com/Article.aspx?aid=534[
accessed May 2, 2016].<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
HugoGrotius, <i>De Jure Belli ac Pacis </i>(trans. A.C. Campbell, London,
1814), Bk II, chap. 19.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">for
more about this idea, see:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">P. della
Mirandola, <i>On the Dignity of Man </i>(trans. C. Glenn Wallis, ed. Hackett
Publishing Company, 1965, with an Introduction by Paul J.W. Miller),p. 5.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">and;
Arieli, ‘ On the Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for the Emergence of the
Dignity of Man and His Rights ’ , in D. Kretzmer and E. Klein, <i>The Concept
of Human Dignity in Human Rights Discourse, </i>2002, pp. 1-9.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
Bognetti, ‘ The Concept of Human Dignity in European and U.S. Constitutionalism
’ , in G. Nolte (ed.), <i>European and US Constitutionalism</i>, Science and
Technique of Democracy No. 37 (2005), at 75, 79.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
Kant, ‘ Metaphysics of Morals ’ , Section 38 of the <i>Doctrine of Virtue </i>(Ak.
6:462).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="normal" style="line-height: normal;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Oliver Sensen, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kant on Human Dignity</b>, Walter de Gruyter & Co, Germany, 2011.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, 1789, Art. 6: ‘ [a]ll
citizens, being equal in the eyes of the law, are equally eligible to all
dignities and to all public positions and occupations, according to their
abilities, and without distinction except that of their virtues and talents.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
T. Paine, <i>Rights of Man </i>: Part the First (1791).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
: ‘ [g]ive him food and shelter;/When you have covered his nakedness, dignity
will follow by itself. ’ 34 34 Cancik, <i>supra </i>note 11, at 36<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Simon
Bolivar, the Latin American military leader, statesman, and icon, justified the
abolition of slavery as a ‘ shameless violation of human dignity ’ and laws
perpetuating it as ‘ sacrilege ’ . 35 <br />
One of the decrees of the French Republic established as a result of the
revolution of 1848 abolished slavery as ‘ an affront to human dignity ’ . 36 <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">35 Simón
Bolivar, Message to the Congress of Bolivia (Lima, 25 May 1826), quoted in
Carozza, <i>supra </i>note 33, at 301.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="normal" style="line-height: normal;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Jurgen Habermas, “The Concept of Human
Dignity and the Realistic Utopia of Human Rights”, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Metaphilosophy</b>, volume 4, issue 4, July 2010, pages 464-480. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
The Dijon Declaration, 1936, translated in H.G. Wells, <i>The Rights of Man or
What Are We Fighting For? </i>(1940).<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="normal" style="line-height: normal;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">United Nations,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Charter of the United Nations</b>, 24 October 1945, 1 UNTS XVI,
available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3930.html.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="normal" style="line-height: normal;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> UN General Assembly, Universal Declaration of
Human Rights, 10 December 1948, 217 A (III), available at:
http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3712c.html.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="normal" style="line-height: normal;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> C. Smith, “The UN Human Rights Council and
the Inherent Dignity of the Human Person”, available at: </span><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \\h";"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1272&context=hrbrie</span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
identical text in all the four conventions:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>‘ Respect for the personality and dignity of human beings constitutes a
universal principle which is binding even in the absence of any contractual
undertaking".<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="normal" style="line-height: normal;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Constitutión Política de los Estdos Unidos
Mexicanos [C.P] as amended, Diario Official de la Federación [DO]. art.
3(1)(c), 5 de Febrero de 1917 (Mex.); Const. of Weimar Germany, 1919, art. 151
(F.R.G); Const. of Finland, 1919, Sec. 1(1); Const. of Ireland, 1922, pmbl.;
Const. of Cuba, 1940, art. 20.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="normal" style="line-height: normal;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> United Nations Secretary-General,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“A life of dignity for all : accelerating
progress towards the Millennium Development Goals and advancing the United
Nations development agenda beyond 2015”, New York, 26 July 2013
(A/68/202).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="normal"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> J. McArthur, “Own the Goals: What the Millennium Development
Goals Have Accomplished”, in<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Foreign
Affairs, </b>March/April 2013 Issue<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">,</b>
available at:</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="normal" style="line-height: normal;"><a href="http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2013/02/21-millennium-dev-goals-mcarthur"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2013/02/21-millennium-dev-goals-mcarthur</span></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="normal" style="line-height: normal;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Stated by Me. Adib Nehme on a visit to ESCWA
in Beirut, Lebanon. Me. Nehme is </span><span style="background: white; color: #343434; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-highlight: white;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-highlight: white;">Regional Advisor at the UN Economic and
Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) based in Beirut. Currently he is
working on governance issues, national dialogue, and had worked previously in
ESCWA as regional advisor on poverty, MDGs and social statistics.</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="normal" style="line-height: normal;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sustainable Development knowledge platform,
Sustainable Development Goals, avaiable at: </span><a href="https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdgs"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdgs</span></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="normal" style="line-height: normal;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[33]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Global Reporting Initiative, Global Reporting
Initiative Statement , USA, 2015<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>https://www.globalreporting.org/resourcelibrary/GRI_Statement_UN_SG_Synthesis_Report_Post2015.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="normal" style="line-height: normal;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[34]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Me. Adib Nehme, op.cit.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="normal"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[35]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> On the connection between the legal
usage of “dignity” and its usage in common language, see Stephen Riley, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Human dignity: comparative and conceptual
debates</b>, 6 INT’L J. L. IN CONTEXT 117, 131, 2010.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="normal" style="line-height: normal;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/my%20papers/papers%20for%20promotion/Dignity%20For%20All.docx#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[36]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Thomas Christiano, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Annual Review of Law and Ethics</b>, Verlag Duncker and Humblot,
Berlin, 2008.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>Leila Nicolashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13039807238438755745noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6682320621634513985.post-67823810878021016362016-06-09T08:23:00.001+03:002016-06-09T08:23:10.793+03:00ترامب وكلينتون.. أيهما الأخطر على العرب؟ _ مقابلة على روسيا اليوم<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/C-akdGNycaI" width="480"></iframe>Leila Nicolashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13039807238438755745noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6682320621634513985.post-17812586588710952302016-06-08T06:36:00.001+03:002016-06-08T06:36:20.672+03:00مقابلتي مع الميادين حول سوريا - العلاقات الروسية الاسرائيلية <iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="344" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/HafXDx1Xsj8" width="459"></iframe>Leila Nicolashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13039807238438755745noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6682320621634513985.post-69923779957218399812016-05-31T00:30:00.001+03:002016-05-31T00:30:29.887+03:00UNIFIL in Lebanon: 37 years of partnership.<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ySjJ2z3qFtA" width="480"></iframe>Leila Nicolashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13039807238438755745noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6682320621634513985.post-66171327191697483512016-05-29T12:13:00.002+03:002016-05-29T12:13:25.216+03:00Minority rights in Arab Levant: between extremism and the envisioned future regional system<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Dr. Leila Nicolas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Paper to be
presented at ISA conference " Human
Rights in an Age of Ambiguity" in "Minority and Indigenous
Rights" panel, Fordham University, NYC, 13- 15 June, 2016.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">The minorities’
issue in the Arab world is not new. It started during the rule of Ottoman
Empire, which practiced the “ahl-dhimmah” status on non- Muslim minorities; a
status that regarded non- Muslims residents in the territory of Islam as second
class citizens. It worsened till it reached its peak during WWI where the
ottomans committed genocides against Assyrians, Armenians and other religious
minorities. Similarly, during the Arab uprisings and the rise of
extremism,"ISIS", "Al- Nusra front" and other terrorist
groups practiced persecution, extrajudicial killings, sexual assault and
abduction against people belonging to ethnic and religious minorities in Iraq
and Syria.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> In the first part, we will give a brief
historical background of the minority presence and status in the political and
social systems since the ottoman rule till the Arab uprisings. In the second
part, we will draw a sketch of the minorities' status at the legal, power and
demographic levels in each of the countries that constitute the Arab Levant;
Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Palestine; emphasizing on the first three
states due to their security issues and turbulence. The third part will reveal
the findings of our survey, that was conducted with people belonging to
minority groups in these countries. Finally, we conclude trying to predict the
future of minorities in this region, based on each of the scenarios that has
been evoked lately.<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
Leila Nicolashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13039807238438755745noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6682320621634513985.post-38790311960469243402016-03-21T12:25:00.000+02:002016-05-29T12:26:12.825+03:00workshop for Ladies in Akkar, Mother's day<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5vwOblHxtHljl_V9o1ZbOWrVSpRF3O5qT8C3EXvyQ1lXfMIsD0BP0udj0u9EUlNmREkUxyAedsbGvkRhatXHajBo1z1ZF8tJqW9UpH_NSskZlkg8_RcJbB_5eZgxV8aY5CeC0mYAARgw/s1600/andket+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5vwOblHxtHljl_V9o1ZbOWrVSpRF3O5qT8C3EXvyQ1lXfMIsD0BP0udj0u9EUlNmREkUxyAedsbGvkRhatXHajBo1z1ZF8tJqW9UpH_NSskZlkg8_RcJbB_5eZgxV8aY5CeC0mYAARgw/s320/andket+1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnWmsZ5OqXAWRjouEovbbVnhIieOV-Mmy_6WDHdYJllurJ6CuzC4jmM4GmrAvYIl2RCfcJ2kloyxt3AsDCMwg2QVRALKrllaipg7scJroOZkZAg4np9sT3kSx3Cbx_jhrQfbMJ8LyJ340/s1600/andket+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnWmsZ5OqXAWRjouEovbbVnhIieOV-Mmy_6WDHdYJllurJ6CuzC4jmM4GmrAvYIl2RCfcJ2kloyxt3AsDCMwg2QVRALKrllaipg7scJroOZkZAg4np9sT3kSx3Cbx_jhrQfbMJ8LyJ340/s320/andket+2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />Leila Nicolashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13039807238438755745noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6682320621634513985.post-28427763797690025572015-11-25T23:35:00.001+02:002015-11-25T23:35:45.917+02:00مقابلة د. ليلى نقولا عبر الميادين_ حديث 2015<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="344" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/_hMFwa-YCOg" width="459"></iframe>Leila Nicolashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13039807238438755745noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6682320621634513985.post-68604519359553349612015-11-23T17:08:00.001+02:002015-11-23T17:08:56.900+02:00مقابلة د. ليلى نقولا مع ان ب ان_ 23 تشرين الثاني 2015<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="344" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/bOQslfZmrOo" width="459"></iframe>Leila Nicolashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13039807238438755745noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6682320621634513985.post-27817623551649629572015-11-21T18:52:00.001+02:002015-11-21T18:52:10.815+02:00مقابلة د. ليلى نقولا حول الغارات الروسية وهجمات باريس<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="344" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/yF9UpgVPCF0" width="459"></iframe>Leila Nicolashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13039807238438755745noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6682320621634513985.post-55461126855451516042015-11-21T18:12:00.002+02:002015-11-21T18:12:11.340+02:00Workshop for empowering women<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Dr. Leila Nicolas conducted a workshop for empowering women in Akkar, north Lebanon at 7 November 2015.</div>
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<br />Leila Nicolashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13039807238438755745noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6682320621634513985.post-64173768177923481892015-11-01T18:15:00.000+02:002015-11-21T18:16:48.370+02:00ACUNS- NUPI workshop in Norway<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8v4qN8k9G9uOKLg40x4cdJFSYeV_D8s4YaWJVnvuUFAgEJ6KxFOeqMzJOlaY2mPnnijNa_jmDWyrPryh0R6vSpKwaTq7wogjx9QyDjW9X0mzwJW4iZTmFAHeEcYrrItQ09xviJ0ZXac4/s1600/IMG_1617.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8v4qN8k9G9uOKLg40x4cdJFSYeV_D8s4YaWJVnvuUFAgEJ6KxFOeqMzJOlaY2mPnnijNa_jmDWyrPryh0R6vSpKwaTq7wogjx9QyDjW9X0mzwJW4iZTmFAHeEcYrrItQ09xviJ0ZXac4/s1600/IMG_1617.JPG" /></a></div>
Proud to be a member of ACUNS ( Academic council of UN System). It was a fruitful workshop.Leila Nicolashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13039807238438755745noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6682320621634513985.post-43304315262693533162015-09-08T22:24:00.001+03:002015-09-08T22:24:13.629+03:00Balancing Law and Politics: Vetting in Transitional Societies/ Lessons from MENAMy article in the Quarterly newsletter ( Issue 3/ 2015) - <br />
ACUNS ( the Academic Council on the UN System)<br />
<br />
<a href="http://issuu.com/wilfridlaurieruniversity/docs/acuns-60-aug15_acuns_newsletter__3_/6" target="_blank">http://issuu.com/wilfridlaurieruniversity/docs/acuns-60-aug15_acuns_newsletter__3_/6</a><br />
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<br />Leila Nicolashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13039807238438755745noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6682320621634513985.post-83972565008521592602015-08-10T17:19:00.001+03:002015-08-10T17:19:36.584+03:00I believe in this.. Thank you Rama Mani<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/DpxeOacr7e8" width="480"></iframe></div>Leila Nicolashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13039807238438755745noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6682320621634513985.post-17061584570915114972015-06-23T16:40:00.002+03:002015-06-23T16:40:37.678+03:00Team building and personal development workshop for Women35 women from all lebanese regions participated in My workshop for FPM ladies. It was a great opportunity to meet such ladies, encourage them and lead them to acquire self development.<br />
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<br />Leila Nicolashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13039807238438755745noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6682320621634513985.post-60543943930805013162015-04-30T20:13:00.001+03:002015-04-30T20:13:33.251+03:00Tribute from Lebanese Army...<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Leila Nicolashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13039807238438755745noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6682320621634513985.post-48483483512449291832015-04-29T18:46:00.002+03:002015-04-29T18:46:27.697+03:00Update my App.For better service, Plz update my app on iphone and android, through this link:<br />
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<a href="http://www.drleilanicolas.com/" target="_blank">http://www.drleilanicolas.com/</a>Leila Nicolashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13039807238438755745noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6682320621634513985.post-66543399892120596192015-02-18T10:33:00.003+02:002015-02-18T10:33:56.622+02:00Open your ears Please.<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in;">
<span style="color: #141823; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 15.4559993743896px;">One of the most important skills people should seek intensively to develop is: Listening.</span></div>
Leila Nicolashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13039807238438755745noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6682320621634513985.post-85612043309459220992015-02-02T22:08:00.003+02:002015-02-02T22:09:50.374+02:00Women- Future leaders" workshopFeeling proud to have 85 Lebanese ladies from different areas and backgrounds, attended my workshop, on Saturday Jan 31, 2015.<br />
A participant said after the workshop <i>"we felt that we should go out and make a revolution"</i>.<br />
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<br />Leila Nicolashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13039807238438755745noreply@blogger.com0